does female education affect civil war differently than male education?

Does female education affect civil war differently than male education?Asjed Hussain

Hypothesis

Female education is more significant than male education preventing Civil War.

Conflict• Injustice and Inequality Theory

• Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities

• Grievances lead to group emotions

• Economic Opportunities Theory

• Beneficial to be violent

• Society cannot satisfy needs in peacehttp://ethiopiaforums.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/UNDP_Logo.preview.gif

Conflict Resolution• Conflict resolution

• Agreement to end conflict

• Superficial

• Conflict Transformation

• Deeper, more fundamental solution

• Helps solve cause of conflict

• Helps eliminate negative peace

Negative Peace and Structural/Cultural

Violence• Negative peace - lack of direct violence

• Presence of structural and cultural violence

• Structural violence - “circumstances that limit life, civil rights, health, personal freedom, and self-fulfillment” (Harris & Morrison, 2003, pg 12)

• Cultural violence - i.e. Caste system in India

• Negative Peace creates environment for civil war

Benefits of Education

• Broad benefits of education

• Economic benefits for individuals and society

• Non-Monetary Benefits

• Better health

• Family Planning

• Higher education for children

• Social inclusion, socialization, social capital

• Thyne (2006) - pacifying effects of education

Women in Society and Women’s Education

• Many benefits of women’s education

• Higher economic growth Klaxon (2000)

• Smaller, sustainable families (Herz & Sperling, 2004)

• Healthier and smarter children (Herz & Sperling, 2004)

• Mother’s education impacts children’s education more than father’s (Filmer, 2000)

• “In any given society, female personality comes to define itself in relation and connection to other people more than masculine personality does” (Juschka, 2001,pg. 82)

Women’s Education on Violence

• Women’s education addresses grievances

• Better health and education for children

• Better economy

• Higher opportunity cost of engaging in conflict

• Non-Monetary Benefits of women’s education

• Increased education, increased social cohesion

• Women interact with more people than men

• Better educated women, more cohesive society than better educated men

Empirical Analysis • Dependent variable - onset of intrastate conflict

• Independent variable - Primary Completion Rate of Females and males

• Rate of achievement

• Representative of societal education level

• Base-line specification - Thyne (2006)

• Used Fearon and Laitin (2003) as baseline

• Problem - missing education data

• Used Amelia, data imputation program

• Thyne (2006) used this program for education variables

Results

Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -9.41254 1.83018 -5.143 2.7e-07 ***Primary Enrollment -0.02303 0.01563 -1.473 0.14070 warl -1.56877 0.82220 -1.908 0.05639 . gdpenl -0.27300 0.17268 -1.581 0.11388 lpopl1 0.64424 0.20499 3.143 0.00167 ** lmtnest 0.36543 0.22603 1.617 0.10594 Oil 1.21097 0.66794 1.813 0.06983 . nwstate -12.21975 1426.01498 -0.009 0.99316 instab 1.14808 0.54764 2.096 0.03605 *

Dummy Test - Thyne primary completion

Why did this happen?• Maybe I don’t know what I’m doing.

• Although I’m pretty sure I did it right

• Thyne used years 1980-1999

• My years: 1960-1999

• Education data may be more incomplete for earlier years

Maybe Thyne Messed Up!

Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -0.0247174 0.0157025 -1.574 0.115660 Primary Enrollment -0.0002914 0.0001294 -2.251 0.024529 * warl -0.0181056 0.0075344 -2.403 0.016370 * gdpenl -0.0006880 0.0005124 -1.343 0.179570 lpopl1 0.0062950 0.0018399 3.421 0.000639 ***lmtnest 0.0015585 0.0017402 0.896 0.370624 Oil 0.0122440 0.0063674 1.923 0.054667 . nwstate -0.0050241 0.0389402 -0.129 0.897356 instab 0.0211366 0.0075493 2.800 0.005174 ** Thyne’s P value for primary enrollment is -0.027, close to mine.

Problem: this is a linear squares model, not a logistic model.

Key points and Future Work

• Conflict

• Injustice and inequality and economic opportunity

• Conflict resolution vs conflict transformation

• Education

• Economic and non-monetary benefits of education

• Reduce desire for conflict

• Women

• Significant role in society, more so than men

• Women’s education confers many benefits in society

• Future Work

• Retry Amelia with years 1980-1999 and rerun dummy test

• Figure out how Thyne ran tests