Does female education affect civil war differently than male education?Asjed Hussain

Hypothesis

Female education is more significant than male education preventing Civil War.

Conflict• Injustice and Inequality Theory

• Vertical and Horizontal Inequalities

• Grievances lead to group emotions

• Economic Opportunities Theory

• Beneficial to be violent

• Society cannot satisfy needs in peacehttp://ethiopiaforums.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/UNDP_Logo.preview.gif

Conflict Resolution• Conflict resolution

• Agreement to end conflict

• Superficial

• Conflict Transformation

• Deeper, more fundamental solution

• Helps solve cause of conflict

• Helps eliminate negative peace

Negative Peace and Structural/Cultural

Violence• Negative peace - lack of direct violence

• Presence of structural and cultural violence

• Structural violence - “circumstances that limit life, civil rights, health, personal freedom, and self-fulfillment” (Harris & Morrison, 2003, pg 12)

• Cultural violence - i.e. Caste system in India

• Negative Peace creates environment for civil war

Benefits of Education

• Broad benefits of education

• Economic benefits for individuals and society

• Non-Monetary Benefits

• Better health

• Family Planning

• Higher education for children

• Social inclusion, socialization, social capital

• Thyne (2006) - pacifying effects of education

Women in Society and Women’s Education

• Many benefits of women’s education

• Higher economic growth Klaxon (2000)

• Smaller, sustainable families (Herz & Sperling, 2004)

• Healthier and smarter children (Herz & Sperling, 2004)

• Mother’s education impacts children’s education more than father’s (Filmer, 2000)

• “In any given society, female personality comes to define itself in relation and connection to other people more than masculine personality does” (Juschka, 2001,pg. 82)

Women’s Education on Violence

• Women’s education addresses grievances

• Better health and education for children

• Better economy

• Higher opportunity cost of engaging in conflict

• Non-Monetary Benefits of women’s education

• Increased education, increased social cohesion

• Women interact with more people than men

• Better educated women, more cohesive society than better educated men

Empirical Analysis • Dependent variable - onset of intrastate conflict

• Independent variable - Primary Completion Rate of Females and males

• Rate of achievement

• Representative of societal education level

• Base-line specification - Thyne (2006)

• Used Fearon and Laitin (2003) as baseline

• Problem - missing education data

• Used Amelia, data imputation program

• Thyne (2006) used this program for education variables

Results

Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -9.41254 1.83018 -5.143 2.7e-07 ***Primary Enrollment -0.02303 0.01563 -1.473 0.14070 warl -1.56877 0.82220 -1.908 0.05639 . gdpenl -0.27300 0.17268 -1.581 0.11388 lpopl1 0.64424 0.20499 3.143 0.00167 ** lmtnest 0.36543 0.22603 1.617 0.10594 Oil 1.21097 0.66794 1.813 0.06983 . nwstate -12.21975 1426.01498 -0.009 0.99316 instab 1.14808 0.54764 2.096 0.03605 *

Dummy Test - Thyne primary completion

Why did this happen?• Maybe I don’t know what I’m doing.

• Although I’m pretty sure I did it right

• Thyne used years 1980-1999

• My years: 1960-1999

• Education data may be more incomplete for earlier years

Maybe Thyne Messed Up!

Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -0.0247174 0.0157025 -1.574 0.115660 Primary Enrollment -0.0002914 0.0001294 -2.251 0.024529 * warl -0.0181056 0.0075344 -2.403 0.016370 * gdpenl -0.0006880 0.0005124 -1.343 0.179570 lpopl1 0.0062950 0.0018399 3.421 0.000639 ***lmtnest 0.0015585 0.0017402 0.896 0.370624 Oil 0.0122440 0.0063674 1.923 0.054667 . nwstate -0.0050241 0.0389402 -0.129 0.897356 instab 0.0211366 0.0075493 2.800 0.005174 ** Thyne’s P value for primary enrollment is -0.027, close to mine.

Problem: this is a linear squares model, not a logistic model.

Key points and Future Work

• Conflict

• Injustice and inequality and economic opportunity

• Conflict resolution vs conflict transformation

• Education

• Economic and non-monetary benefits of education

• Reduce desire for conflict

• Women

• Significant role in society, more so than men

• Women’s education confers many benefits in society

• Future Work

• Retry Amelia with years 1980-1999 and rerun dummy test

• Figure out how Thyne ran tests