the hittite consonants spellings, phonetics and phonology
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The Hittite consonants Spellings, phonetics and phonology
Alwin Kloekhorst, Leiden University (a.kloekhorst@hum.leidenuniv.nl)
Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years
12-14 November 2015 Charles University, Prague
Voiceless vs. voiced stops
• the cuneiform script distinguishes voiceless and voiced stops:
& TA besides æ DA
> PA besides ] BA
( KI besides H GI
R TU besides Ä DU
etc.
In Hittite: often interchangeable
‘they eat’: a-ta-an-zi a-da-an-zi
‘they must be’: a-ša-an-tu a-ša-an-du
‘to open’: ki-nu-uz-zi gi-nu-uz-zi
In Hittite: often interchangeable
‘they eat’: a-ta-an-zi a-da-an-zi
‘they must be’: a-ša-an-tu a-ša-an-du
‘to open’: ki-nu-uz-zi gi-nu-uz-zi
Hrozný (1917: 1894):
“Es muß erst untersucht werden ob, bzw. inwiefern es sich bei dem Wechsel zwischen t und d bloß um eine graphische Erscheinung handelt”.
In Hittite: often interchangeable
‘they eat’: a-ta-an-zi a-da-an-zi
‘they must be’: a-ša-an-tu a-ša-an-du
‘to open’: ki-nu-uz-zi gi-nu-uz-zi
Sturtevant (1933: 35):
“[Hittite shows] a pretty complete confusion of the voiced and voiceless orders. We must conclude that [the Hittites] did not hear the distinction which Akkadian presented between b and p, d and t, g and k; to them each pair stood for a single sound”.
In Hittite: often interchangeable
‘they eat’: a-ta-an-zi a-da-an-zi
‘they must be’: a-ša-an-tu a-ša-an-du
‘to open’: ki-nu-uz-zi gi-nu-uz-zi
Communis opinio since then:
the use of e.g. TA vs. DA is in principle random.
TA vs. DA
• several recent articles that do claim a difference between TA and DA
(Kloekhorst 2010; Kloekhorst 2013)
TA vs. DA
• several recent articles that do claim a difference between TA and DA
(Kloekhorst 2010; Kloekhorst 2013)
This talk:
TA vs. DA
• several recent articles that do claim a difference between TA and DA
(Kloekhorst 2010; Kloekhorst 2013)
This talk: - recapitulate
- give new data and interpretations
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
da-an-zi
da-a-i
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
da-an-zi = “ṭa-an-zi”
da-a-i = “ṭa-a-i”
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
da-an-zi = “ṭa-an-zi” = [tʔántsi]
da-a-i = “ṭa-a-i” = [tʔāi]
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
da-an-zi = “ṭa-an-zi” = [tʔántsi] < *dh3énti
da-a-i = “ṭa-a-i” = [tʔāi] < *dhh1óiei
TA vs. DA: initial position
TA-words reflect *tV-, *dV-, *dhV-
DA-words: 1. dā-i, e.g. da-an-zi ‘they take’ < *dh3énti
2. dai-i, eg. da-a-i ‘he places’ < *dhh1óiei
Distribution: TA ~ PIE *TV-
DA ~ PIE *THV-
In Akkadian, DA can have the value ṭa = [tʔa]
da-an-zi = “ṭa-an-zi” = [tʔántsi] < *dh3énti
da-a-i = “ṭa-a-i” = [tʔāi] < *dhh1óiei
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ < *bhodhh2V-
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ < *bhodhh2V-
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ < *péth2r, *pth2én- GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ < *bhodhh2V-
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ < *péth2r, *pth2én- GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ < *pth1óiei
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ < *bhodhh2V-
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ < *péth2r, *pth2én- GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ < *pth1óiei
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ < *uth2ōr
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite texts
geminates: (-)Vt-ta(-) 233x
(-)Vd-da(-) 11x
pád-da-aḫ-ḫi ʻI digʼ < *bhodhh2V-
[p]ád-da-ni ʻbasketʼ
pád-da-a-ni ʻbasketʼ
[p]ád-da-ni-i ʻbasketʼ < *péth2r, *pth2én- GIŠpád-da-[ni] ʻbasketʼ GIŠpád-da-r° ʻbasketʼ
píd-da-a-i ʻhe fleesʼ < *pth1óiei
ud-d[a?-]a?-ar ʻwordsʼ < *uth2ōr
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position ar-ma-ni-ia-at-ta ‘he becomes ill’ < *h1rmnioto
ḫa-an-da-a-(e-)et-ta ‘it fits’ < *°ieto
ḫa-at-ta-an-ta ‘intelligent’ < *h2etent-
i-e-et-ta ‘he goes’ < *h1ieto
i-ia-at-ta ‘he goes’ < *h1ioto
kat-ta(-an) ‘below, down’ < *ḱmto(m)
ki-iš-ta-an-zi-at-ta-at ‘he was hungry’ < *°ioto°
ki-it-ta ‘he lies’ < *ḱeito
ku-ut-ta-aš ‘wall (gen.sg.)’ < *ǵheutos
lu-uk-kat-ta ‘the next morning’ < *leukoto
nu-u=t-ta ‘and to you’ < *nu=tuo
še-ep-pí-it-ta-aš ‘grain (gen.sg.)’ < *sepitos dŠi-i-ua-at-ta-aš ‘sun-deity (gen.sg.)’ < *dieuotos
ú-e-et-ta[-an-da-an-ni] ‘period of a year’ < *uetent-
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position ar-ma-ni-ia-at-ta ‘he becomes ill’ < *h1rmnioto
ḫa-an-da-a-(e-)et-ta ‘it fits’ < *°ieto
ḫa-at-ta-an-ta ‘intelligent’ < *h2etent-
i-e-et-ta ‘he goes’ < *h1ieto
i-ia-at-ta ‘he goes’ < *h1ioto
kat-ta(-an) ‘below, down’ < *ḱmto(m)
ki-iš-ta-an-zi-at-ta-at ‘he was hungry’ < *°ioto°
ki-it-ta ‘he lies’ < *ḱeito
ku-ut-ta-aš ‘wall (gen.sg.)’ < *ǵheutos
lu-uk-kat-ta ‘the next morning’ < *leukoto
nu-u=t-ta ‘and to you’ < *nu=tuo
še-ep-pí-it-ta-aš ‘grain (gen.sg.)’ < *sepitos dŠi-i-ua-at-ta-aš ‘sun-deity (gen.sg.)’ < *dieuotos
ú-e-et-ta[-an-da-an-ni] ‘period of a year’ < *uetent-
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of geminates:
distribution: (-)Vt-ta(-) < PIE *-VtV-
(-)Vd-da(-) < PIE *-VTHV-
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of geminates:
distribution: (-)Vt-ta(-) < PIE *-VtV-
(-)Vd-da(-) < PIE *-VTHV-
phonetic interpretation:
(-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of geminates:
distribution: (-)Vt-ta(-) < PIE *-VtV-
(-)Vd-da(-) < PIE *-VTHV-
phonetic interpretation:
(-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
(-)Vd-da(-)
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of geminates:
distribution: (-)Vt-ta(-) < PIE *-VtV-
(-)Vd-da(-) < PIE *-VTHV-
phonetic interpretation:
(-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
(-)Vd-da(-) = (-)Vṭ-ṭa(-)
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of geminates:
distribution: (-)Vt-ta(-) < PIE *-VtV-
(-)Vd-da(-) < PIE *-VTHV-
phonetic interpretation:
(-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
(-)Vd-da(-) = (-)Vṭ-ṭa(-) = [Vtːʔa]
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of singletons:
always interchange: °V-ta(-) ≈°V-da(-) < *Vd(h)V
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of singletons:
always interchange: °V-ta(-) ≈°V-da(-) < *Vd(h)V
phonetic interpretation:
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of singletons:
always interchange: °V-ta(-) ≈°V-da(-) < *Vd(h)V
phonetic interpretation:
DA cannot be [tʔa] here, so rather [da]
TA vs. DA: intervocalic position
spelling of singletons:
always interchange: °V-ta(-) ≈°V-da(-) < *Vd(h)V
phonetic interpretation:
DA cannot be [tʔa] here, so rather [da]
°V-t/da(-) = [Vda]
TA vs. DA: after n
Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite corpus
°n-TA °n-DA
e-ša-an-ta (7x) ‘they sit (down)’ e-ša-an-da (3x)
TA vs. DA: after n
Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite corpus
°n-TA °n-DA
e-ša-an-ta (7x) ‘they sit (down)’ e-ša-an-da (3x)
-- ‘into’ an-da (54x)
TA vs. DA: after n
Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite corpus
°n-TA °n-DA
e-ša-an-ta (7x) ‘they sit (down)’ e-ša-an-da (3x)
-- ‘into’ an-da (54x)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi (5x) ‘they libate’ --
TA vs. DA: after n
Kloekhorst 2013: Old Hittite corpus
°n-TA °n-DA
e-ša-an-ta (7x) ‘they sit (down)’ e-ša-an-da (3x)
-- ‘into’ an-da (54x)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi (5x) ‘they libate’ --
1 2 3
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh-
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH-
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd-
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH-
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd-
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd-
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd- = [-nta-]
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-] cf. °V-t/da(-) = [Vda]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd- = [-nta-]
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-] cf. °V-t/da(-) = [Vda]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-] cf. (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd- = [-nta-]
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-] cf. °V-t/da(-) = [Vda]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-] cf. (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd- = [-nta-] cf. (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
TA vs. DA: after n
Etymologically distributed:
1. °n-t/da(-) < *-nt-,*-ndh- = [-nda-] cf. °V-t/da(-) = [Vda]
2. °n-da(-) < *-nTH- = [-ntʔa-] cf. (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa]
3. °n-ta(-) < *-nd- = [-nta-] cf. (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa]
So in both environments three kinds of stops
In all three environments: consistent TA
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- (-)Vt-ta(-) °n-ta(-)
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- (-)Vd-da(-) °n-da(-)
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
t/da- °V-t/da(-) °n-t/da(-)
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
lenis
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
fortis
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
two phonemes
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
fortis ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
fortis ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
ejective da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
In all three environments: consistent TA = voicelessness
consistent DA = glottalization
both TA and DA = voicedness
How does this work in other environments?
Overview thus far
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
fortis ta- = [ta-] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [Vtːa] °n-ta(-) = [nta]
ejective da- = [tʔa-] (-)Vd-da(-) = [Vtːʔa] °n-da(-) = [ntʔa]
lenis t/da- = [da-] °V-t/da(-) = [Vda] °n-t/da(-) = [nda]
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
But after labiovelars:
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
But after labiovelars: e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
But after labiovelars: e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’
vs. a-ku-ta-al-l° ‘vessel’
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
But after labiovelars: e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’ = [-kwtːa-]
vs. a-ku-ta-al-l° ‘vessel’
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
TA vs. DA: after obstruents
Kloekhorst 2013: spelling after ḫ, k, p, and š in Old Hittite
→ full absence of DA
Apparently, no voiced or glottalized stops here.
But after labiovelars: e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’ = [-kwtːa-]
vs. a-ku-ta-al-l° ‘vessel’ = [-kwta-]
ḫ k p š
TA 2 9 2 137
DA - - - -
Back to our overview
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d]
Back to our overview
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d]
Back to our overview
Where to put e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’ = [-kwtːa-] ?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d]
Back to our overview
Where to put e-ku-ut-ta ‘he drank’ = [-kwtːa-] ?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d]
Back to our overview
Where to put a-ku-ta-al-l° ‘vessel’ = [-kwta-] ?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d]
Back to our overview
Where to put a-ku-ta-al-l° ‘vessel’ = [-kwta-] ?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Back to our overview
No evidence for ejectives after obstruents.
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Back to our overview
No evidence for ejectives after obstruents.
Probably merged with the fortis stops
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Back to our overview
No evidence for ejectives after obstruents.
Probably merged with the fortis stops
e.g. *h1égwh-th2e > e-ku-ut-ta [ʔékwtːa] ‘you drank’
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ]
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Back to our overview
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis:
Phonological interpretation?
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
3. [tː] vs. [d] (VTV)
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] = original
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
3. [tː] vs. [d] (VTV)
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] = original
2. [t] vs. [d] = secondary
3. [tː] vs. [d] = secondary
Phonological interpretation
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Phonological interpretation
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Phonological interpretation
Valid for Old Hittite period:
what about younger texts?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA
DA
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0
DA 32
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0
DA 32
% DA 100%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3
DA 32 42
% DA 100% 93%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6
DA 32 42 37
% DA 100% 93% 86%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Words spelled in OS texts with consistent (-)Vt-ta(-) = /Vtːa/
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Words spelled in OS texts with consistent (-)Vt-ta(-) = /Vtːa/
katta ‘down’ kitta(ri) ‘he lies’ nutta ‘and you’
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Words spelled in OS texts with consistent (-)Vt-ta(-) = /Vtːa/
katta ‘down’ kitta(ri) ‘he lies’ nutta ‘and you’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA ± 700 ± 200 230
DA 0 3 1
% DA 0% 1,5% 0,4%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Words spelled in OS texts with consistent (-)Vt-ta(-) = /Vtːa/
katta ‘down’ kitta(ri) ‘he lies’ nutta ‘and you’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA ± 700 ± 200 230
DA 0 3 1
% DA 0% 1,5% 0,4%
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Words spelled in OS texts with (-)Vd-da(-) = /Vtːʔa/
padda- ‘to dig’ paddan- ‘basket’ piddai- ‘to flee’ uddan- ‘word’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA 0 3 6 11
DA 32 42 37 193
% DA 100% 93% 86% 94%
Words spelled in OS texts with consistent (-)Vt-ta(-) = /Vtːa/
katta ‘down’ kitta(ri) ‘he lies’ nutta ‘and you’
MS and NS MS and NS MS and NS
TA ± 700 ± 200 230
DA 0 3 1
% DA 0% 1,5% 0,4%
Also in MH and NH times a phonemic difference between fortis /tː/ and ejective /tːʔ/ !
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Etymology (Melchert 2008: 369-70):
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Etymology (Melchert 2008: 369-70): *h1obhédhh2e
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Etymology (Melchert 2008: 369-70): *h1obhédhh2e
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Etymology (Melchert 2008: 369-70): *h1obhédhh2e
Intervocalic position in MS and NS
Interesting consequences, e.g. apadda(n) ‘there, thither’
- unattested in OS texts.
- in MS and NS texts spelled 11x with TA, 92x with DA
(DA % of 91%)
→ /ʔapatːʔa(n)/
Etymology (Melchert 2008: 369-70): *h1obhédhh2e
Independent confirmation
Position after n in MS and NS
OS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
consistent DA (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
consistent DA (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt] > ši-pa-an-t/da-an-zi [nd]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
consistent DA (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt] > ši-pa-an-t/da-an-zi [nd]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd] > e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
consistent DA (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt] > ši-pa-an-t/da-an-zi [nd]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd] > e-ša-an-t/da [nd]
consistent DA (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ] > an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Position after n in MS and NS
OS OH MS/NS MH/NH
consistent TA (fortis)
ši-pa-an-ta-an-zi [nt] ši-pa-an-t/da-an-zi (lenis)
[nd]
both TA and DA (lenis)
e-ša-an-t/da [nd] e-ša-an-t/da
consistent DA (ejective) (ejective)
an-da(-an) [ntʔ] > an-da(-an) [ntʔ]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-]
consistent DA (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-]
consistent DA (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-] > t/da-ma-iš [d-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-]
consistent DA (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-] > t/da-ma-iš [d-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-] > t/da-an-tu-ki-iš-n° [d-]
consistent DA (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS MS/NS
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-] > t/da-ma-iš [d-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-] > t/da-an-tu-ki-iš-n° [d-]
consistent DA (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-] > da-an-zi [tʔ-]
Word-initial position in MS and NS
OS OH MS/NS MH/NH
consistent TA (fortis)
ta-ma-iš [t-] > t/da-ma-iš (lenis)
[d-]
both TA and DA (lenis)
t/da-an-tu-ki-is-n° [d-] > t/da-an-tu-ki-iš-n°
consistent DA (ejective) (ejective)
da-an-zi [tʔ-] > da-an-zi [tʔ-]
OH vs. MH/NH
OH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
OH vs. MH/NH
OH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
MH/NH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis -- (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] -- -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
OH vs. MH/NH
OH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
MH/NH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis -- (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] -- -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
OH vs. MH/NH
OH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
MH/NH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis -- (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] -- -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
OH vs. MH/NH
OH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
MH/NH Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
/tː/ fortis -- (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] -- -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
/tːʔ/eject. da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
/t/ lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
- alternation TA / DA spells voicedness
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
- alternation TA / DA spells voicedness
- Hittite knew three dental phonemes:
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
- alternation TA / DA spells voicedness
- Hittite knew three dental phonemes:
- fortis /tː/
- ejective /tːʔ/
- lenis /t/
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
- alternation TA / DA spells voicedness
- Hittite knew three dental phonemes:
- fortis /tː/
- ejective /tːʔ/ (phonetics depend on environment)
- lenis /t/
Conclusions for TA vs. DA
- the signs TA and DA are not used randomly
- they in fact spell different sounds
- consistent TA spells voicelessness
- consistent DA spells ejectivity
- alternation TA / DA spells voicedness
- Hittite knew three dental phonemes:
- fortis /tː/
- ejective /tːʔ/ (phonetics depend on environment)
- lenis /t/
- Not only in OH, also in MH and NH!
Questions for the future
- what are the details regarding TE, TI vs. DE/I and TU vs. DU?
- how does it work for KA vs. GA and KE/I vs. GE/I?
Questions for the future
- what are the details regarding TE, TI vs. DE/I and TU vs. DU?
- how does it work for KA vs. GA and KE/I vs. GE/I?
- should we in vocabularies now distinguish between t, d, and ṭ?
References
Hrozný, F., 1917, Die Sprache der Hethiter, Leipzig.
Kloekhorst, A., 2010, Initial stops in Hittite (with an excursus on the spelling of stops in Alalaḫ Akkadian), Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 100, 197-241.
Kloekhorst, A., 2013, The signs TA and DA in Old Hittite: evidence for a phonetic difference, Altorientalische Forschungen 40, 125-141.
Melchert, H.C., 1994, Anatolian Historical Phonology, Leiden.
Melchert, H.C., 2008, Problems in Hittite Pronominal Inflection, Evidence and Counter-Evidence. Essays in honour of Frederik Kortlandt. Volume 1: Balto-Slavic and Indo-European Linguistics (edd. A. Lubotsky et al.), 367-375.
Sturtevant, E.H., 1932, The development of the stops in Hittite, Journal of the American Oriental Society 52, 1-12.
Thank you
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
3. [tː] vs. [d] (VTV)
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
3. [tː] vs. [d] (VTV)
Doubly marked
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
3. [tː] vs. [d] (VTV)
Doubly marked
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[ttiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[ttiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[diV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > zV- [tsV-] **[sV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[diV-] > šV- [sV-] **[zV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > zV- [tsV-] **[sV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[diV-] > šV- [sV-] **[zV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > zV- [tsV-] **[sV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[diV-] > šV- [sV-] **[zV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] (CTa)
2. [t] vs. [d] (Ta-, nTa)
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] = original
2. [t] vs. [d]
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
Phonological interpretation?
Ta- (-)VTa(-) -nTa(-) -CTa(-)
fortis ta- = [t] (-)Vt-ta(-) = [tː] °n-ta(-) = [t] -ku-ut-ta(-) = [tː]
ejective da- = [tʔ] (-)Vd-da(-) = [tːʔ] °n-da(-) = [tʔ] --
lenis t/da- = [d] °V-t/da(-) = [d] °n-t/da(-) = [d] -ku-ta- = [t]
Distinction between fortis and lenis: 1. [tː] vs. [t] = original
2. [t] vs. [d] = secondary
In word-initial position, original distinction was length:
PIE *tiV- > pre-Hitt. *[tːiV-] > zV- [tsV-]
PIE *d(h)iV- > pre-Hitt. *[tiV-] > šV- [sV-]
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