distributing the benefits of nature's bounty: a social justice perspective
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Distributing Benefits:
A Timeless Challenge
Services and raw materials from natural
heritage scarce
Prone to shifts in social and cultural norms
Common pool resources require some special
attention
Lots of issues
Why Benefit Distribution is Challenging
Global debate about conservation
Growing population with changing
consumption patterns
Global level processes stress natural heritage
Political and moral ideologies in flux
Knowledge is expanding
Community Level
Access is important for vulnerable populations
Dependency on access to natural resources
Access to Nature’s Bounty
It is a matter of justice or fair treatment
Framing the Challenge
Framing natural resource problems is difficult
Wicked and messy character
Scientific disagreement on cause-effect
relationships
Lack of social agreement on goals
Inter-connected problems
Can’t solve one problem without affecting others
Don’t solve problems, but resolve them
Benefit Sharing and Benefit Distribution:
Different Decisions, Similar Questions
Literature often unclear
Convention on Biological Diversity unclear on
what it means
Moral approach sees sharing as an act of
beneficence
Policy arena sees sharing as a non-voluntary
act
How terms will be used in this presentation
Benefit sharing – A fair exchange of value
between a willing seller (collective) and
willing buyer
Benefit distribution – apportionment of
benefits received by a collective to members of
that collective
Social Justice Framing
Social justice – objective is the basic structure
of society … way in which major social
institutions distribute fundamental rights and
duties … – Rawls 1971
Institutions lose their legitimacy when
decisions are not just in the eyes of citizens
and residents
Three Types of JusticeUnderpin Benefit Sharing and Distribution
Commutative – fair exchange of value
Distributive – apportionment of benefits and
burdens
Procedural – the rules by which society makes
decisions
Commutative Justice
Seeking a fair exchange – trades of equivalent
value
The heart of benefit sharing
Implemented through
Prior informed consent
Mutually agreed terms
Policy
Distributive Justice
How benefits and burdens are apportioned to
members of a collective
The focus of benefit distribution
Implemented through policy decisions
Goal is fairness
But what is fair?
Procedural Justice
The rules by which society makes decisions
Underlies both distributive and commutative justice
Implemented through good governance principles, e.g.
Transparency
Inclusiveness
Responsibility
Accountability
Commutative
Justice
Distributive
Justice
Procedural Justice
Major Benefit Distribution Decisions
1. Current members or future members
2. Community or individual (household) scale
3. Goals of distribution
4. Capacity to make decisions
1. Benefits distributed to current
or future members
Provision of opportunities
An issue of intergenerational equity
2. Community or individual scale
Community scale – basic services needed by
all members
Clinic, school, library, police, fire
Individual scale – individuals decide what to
do with benefits
Raise income
People spend income on their
sense of need
3. Determining Distributive Justice Goals
Equality – every member receives the same
apportionment
Treats everyone the same regardless of
circumstances
3. Determining Distributive Justice Goals
Equity – benefits apportioned according to
merit or some other measure
Favors those who engage collective activities or
who hold promise for improving collective quality
of life
3. Determining Distributive Justice Goals
Need – benefits apportioned to those most
vulnerable
Poor
Sick
Dependency
4. What Governance Capacities are
Needed
Decision making – identifying who should get
what amount from whom
Focus on procedural justice
Understanding consequences
Explicitness in policy development
Administration – good business practices
Accounting
Paper trails
Audits
Lessons Learned
Ambiguous definitions of benefit sharing and
distribution stifle research and thwart effective
social discourse, creating confusion and
conflict
Lessons Learned
Any benefit distribution mechanism will
discriminate against some group
What is fair?
Lessons Learned
What is “fair” is highly situational specific,
often contested, and depends on the interest
dominating discourse
Lessons Learned
Building capacity to negotiate is critical to
creating opportunities for commutative justice.
Lessons Learned
Building capacity to decide is critical to
distributive justice
Lessons Learned
How benefits are created remains an important
question for science and policy and needs
debate for progress to be made
Conclusions
Benefit distribution occurs within a complex
social-ecological system defying simplistic
solutions
Research can help policy understand choices
and consequences
Using a social justice perspective clarifies
goals and processes used in benefit distribution
policy
Thanks to:
Wayne Freimund, UM
Patrick Graz, Polytechnic
Selma Lendelvo, UNAM
Maxi Louis, NACSO
Alfons Mosimane, UNAM
Bimo Nkhata, Monash
Karine Nuulimba, IRDNC
Oliver Pierson, MCC
Tyron Venn, UM
Chris Weaver WWF-Namibia
Convention on Biological Diversity
Third objective:
“the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic resources …”
Bonn Guidelines
Nagoya Protocol
Requires that “benefits arising from the utilization of
genetic resources … shall be shared in a fair and
equitable way with the Party providing such
resources …”
Definition Goal Benefit Shared Citation
Charitable
Giving
Care for Human
Beings
Aid, Technical
Assistance
Fair Exchange
of Value
Commutative Justice Money,
Technology,
Training,
Knowledge
Artuso 2002
Moran 2000
Schroeder 2007
Mitigation Payment for Costs
Incurred by Local
Residents
Money Mogera and
Tsioumani 2010
Baldus, et al. 2003
Incentive Encourage
Conservation Practice
Money, Meat Johannesen and
Skonhoft 2005
Compensation Restitution for Past
Injustice
Money, Shared
Decision Making
Magome 2003
Kepe et al. 2005
IUCN 2003
Benefit Sharing
Raw material may be a plant product, mineral, energy or
ecosystem-based service
Benefit Distribution
Natural
HeritageRaw Material
Saleable
Product
Buy-Sell
Agreement
Distribution of
Revenues
Investment in
Conservation
Administration
Collective
Members
Revenues to
Collective
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