designing natural ventilation for thermal comfort in … from uk...23july-14aug average temperatures...
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shaun.fitzgerald@breathingbuildings.com
T 01223 450060 F 01223 450061
Designing natural ventilation for thermal comfort in buildings
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Energy Use In Buildings
Typi
cal
Source: Baker and Steemers
full A
C
HOUGHTON HALL
HOUGHTON HALL CONSERVATION AREA
ADJOINING BUSINESS PARK PLOT
HOUGHTON HALL
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HOUGHTON HALL
PASSIVE VENTILATION AND SOLAR CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Trickle vents
Concrete soffits
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Complex Spaces – Houghton Hall
Atrium peak temperatures follow exposure to sun
Region near/within atrium hotter than desk area under exposed concrete benefit of thermal mass
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
13-Jul 13-Jul 14-Jul 14-Jul 15-Jul 15-Jul 16-JulTime
Tem
pera
ture
/C• North side of
the atrium
• East end of theatrium
• South side ofthe atrium
• West end of theatrium (darkblue line, verysmall peak)
• Within mainfloor
1st floor
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Temperature Measurements
3-21 July Average temperatures
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-JulTime
Tem
pera
ture
/C ext tempGF FF SSFF NSSF
Main floor temperatures less than outside and buffered by thermal mass…
but still rather warm mid-July
Temperature Measurements
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23July-14Aug average temperatures
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-AugTime
Tem
pera
ture
/C outsideGFFF SSFF NSSF
Warm inside again in early August
Temperature Measurements
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15Aug-10Sept Average temperatures
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
15-Aug 20-Aug 25-Aug 30-Aug 4-Sep 9-SepTime
Tem
per
atur
e/C
outsideGFFF SSFF NSSF
Cooler after mid-August
Temperature Measurements
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3.273.08 3.08
4.58
2.76
4.17
5.01
4.00
5.13
4.32
5.39
3.43
3.132.93
3.70
3.27
4.58
3.08 3.08
2.76
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1c 3g 7 8 10THERMAL COMFORT INDOOR AIR QUALITY PERSONAL CONTROL OVERALL HEALTH OVERALL COMFORT
ratin
g sc
ale-
ave
rage
resp
onse
s &
sta
ndar
d er
ror o
f the
mea
n
spring: 26 responses summer : 24 responses fall: 44 responses winter:40 responses
SATISFACTORY
UNSATISFACTORY
AVERAGE RESPONSE RATE > 50%CONFIDENCE LEVEL FOR STANDARD ERROR 'p'= 0.05
Survey Results
23July-14Aug average temperatures
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-AugTime
Tem
pera
ture
/C outsideGFFF SSFF NSSF
Can we improve performance?
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-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
28-Jun 18-Jul 07-Aug 27-Aug 16-Sep
Date
Tim
e la
g (h
r)
tmin lagtmax lag
Range of time lag for building to reach max or min temp
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Time Lags
Buffer for max temp 1-3 hours
August-Sep 2003
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
<0 0 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 3 to 4 >4
Delay (hrs)
Freq
uenc
y Grd S1st S1st N2nd N
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Maximising Effectiveness of Thermal Mass
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
tem
pera
ture
(C)
time (hrs)
ToutsideTconcreteT air internalT perceived
•Hot and still day(06/08/03)
•Fans are operating all day
•All windowsopen
Air Flow Results
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Houghton Hall Required
Air
supp
ly (l
/spp
)
43-60
8
Measurements show fresh air supply well in excess of minimum required
Air Quality
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00Time
Tem
pera
ture
/C
Upper part of atrium (2nd floor)
outside Second floor
•Limited number of trickle vents open
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Night Time Operation
July outside air temperature.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug
August outside temperature.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug 17-Aug 22-Aug 27-Aug 1-Sep 6-Sep
1. Opportunity to use cool air from outside during nighteven more effectively to reduce building temperature
2. Reduce window openings during summer day tomaximise benefit of thermal mass
Opportunity for Improvement
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Contact Theatre, after renovation
Contact Theatre, Studio
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
05 September 06 September 07 September 08 September 09 September 10 September
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
Date
external
top of theatre
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Belvoir High School
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Belvoir High School 0 hours for which Troom>28oC (Troom) max = 27.5oC (Troom – Texternal)max = 2.3oC
BB101 Standards 120 hours for which Troom>28oC (Troom) max = 32oC (Troom – Texternal)max = 5oC
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Internal Comfort
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Hybrid Designs
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Summary
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• Natural ventilation low energy
• Exposed thermal mass
• Fan driven ventilation not “free cooling”
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