demystifying machine intelligence

Demystifying Machine Intelligence

Being a 2013 book by

piero scaruffi

Why the Singularity is not Coming any Time Soon And other Meditations on the Post-Human Condition

and the Future of Intelligence

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Sociological Overture

• Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Russell, Hilbert Turing: the search for infinite moves from religion to math

• The Singularity as a new god-less religion

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Limits of the A.I. program

• Focus on the brain, but what is a brain without a body?

• Do machines grow up?

• Can machines evolve?

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The curse of Moore’s law

• A lot of sophisticated logic-based software had to do with slow and expensive machines

• The motivation to come up with creative ideas in A.I. was due to slow, big and expensive machines.

• Brute force (100s of supercomputers running in parallel) can find solutions using fairly dumb techniques

• Actually, you can find the answer to most questions by simply using a search engine: no need to think, no need for intelligence

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Connectionism

• 1950s: Neural networks• 1980s: Boltzmann machines• 2000s: Bayesian belief networks • Software based on vast knowledge bases and

Bayesian networks – beat the world champion of chess (Deep Blue)– beat champions of trivia (Watson)– recognized cats in youtube videos (Google)– drive cars (Google, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen, etc)

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Reality Check

• Recognizing a cat is something that any mouse can do (it took 16,000 computers working in parallel)

• Driving a car involves more than just sensors and a map

• Voice recognition and handwriting recognition still fail most of the time, especially in everyday interactions

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Reality Check

• IBM's Watson does not understand the question (it is fed in digital format)

• IBM’s "Deep Blue" beat a chess master but was given unfair advantages

• “What Curiosity (robot) has done in 200 days a human field researcher could do in an easy afternoon" (NASA planetary scientist Chris McKay, 2013)

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Reality Check

• Machine translation in 2013 (random sentences from my website translated by Google):– "Graham Nash the content of which led nasal

harmony“– "On that album historian who gave the blues

revival“– "Started with a pompous hype on wave of

hippie phenomenon"

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Reality Check

• A remote-controlled toy is NOT a step toward superhuman intelligence

• Human-looking automata that mimic human behavior have been built since ancient times

• A human being is NOT a toy (yet)

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Reality Check

• The brain of the roundworm (300 neurons connected by a few thousand synapses) is still smarter than the smartest neural network ever built.

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Reality Check

• 60 years later it is not machines that learned to understand human language but humans who got used to speak like machines in order to be understood by automated customer support (and mostly not even speak it but simply press keys)

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An easy science

• Artificial Intelligence is not subjected to the same scrutiny as other sciences

• Its success stories are largely unproven

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Exponential Progress?

• The jobs that have been automated are repetitive and trivial.

• And in most cases the automation of those jobs has required the user/customer to accept a lower (not higher) quality of service.

• The more automation around you, the more you (you) are forced to behave like a machine to interact with machines

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Exponential Progress?

• "Moore's law“ has been correct, but it is about the hardware, not the software (the “body”, not the “brain”)

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• One century ago, within a relatively short period of time, the world adopted:– the car, – the airplane, – the telephone, – the radio – the record

• while at the same time science came up with– Quantum Mechanics– Relativity

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• while at the same time the office was revolutionized by– cash registers, – adding machines, – typewriters

• while at the same time the home was revolutionized by – dishwasher, – refrigerator, – air conditioning

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• There were only 5 radio stations in 1921 but already 525 in 1923

• The USA produced 11,200 cars in 1903, but already 1.5 million in 1916

• By 1917 a whopping 40% of households had a telephone in the USA up from 5% in 1900.

• The Wright brothers flew the first plane in 1903: during World War I (1915-18) more than 200,000 planes were built

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• On the other hand today…– 44 years after the Moon landing we still haven't

sent a human being to any planet – The only supersonic plane (the Concorde) has

been retired– We still drive cars, fly on planes, talk in

phones, etc…

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

We chronically underestimate progress in previous centuries because most of us are ignorant about those eras

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• 3rd of april 1988 the Los Angeles Times Magazine ran a piece titled "L.A. 2013“– two robots per family (including

cooking and washing)– Intelligent kitchen appliances

widespread– self-driving cars widespread

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A Comparative History of Accelerating Progress

• Today there is a lot of change

• But change is not necessarily progress

• It is mostly fashion created by marketing and/or planned obsolescence (progress for whom?)

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Superhuman intelligence

• Possible: Colin McGinn’s cognitive closure (there are things we will never understand)

• Impossible: David Deutsch’s endless explanation (we are as intelligent as it gets)

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Decelerating Intelligence

• You are the tools you use• Tools shape the brain• What might be accelerating is the loss

of human skills

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Decelerating Intelligence

• The Turing Test was asking “when can machines be said to be as intelligent as humans?”

• This “Turing point” can be achieved by

1. Making machines smarter, or

2. Making humans dumber

HOMO MACHINE

IQ

HOMO MACHINE

IQ1. 2.

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Semantics

• It is not intelligent to talk about intelligent machines: whatever they do is not what we do, and, therefore, is neither "intelligent" nor "stupid" (attributes invented to define human behavior)

• We apply to machines many words invented for humans simply because we don't have a vocabulary for the states of machines

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Semantics

• Memory is reconstructive

• Data storage is not “memory”

• Exponentially increasing data storage does not mean better memory

• What is “computer speed”?

• Who is faster at picking a cherry from a tree, the fastest computer in the world or you?

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Non-human Intelligence

• Bats can avoid objects in absolute darkness at impressive speeds

• Migratory animals can navigate vast territories • Birds are equipped with a sixth sense for the Earth's

magnetic field • Some animals have the ability to camouflage • The best color vision is in birds, fish and insects• Many animals have night vision• Animals can see, sniff and hear things that we cannot

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Non-human Intelligence

• And don't underestimate the brain of an insect either: how many people can fly and land upside down on a ceiling?

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Non-human Intelligence

• Many animals have powers we don't have

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Non-human Intelligence

• We already built machines that can do things that are impossible for humans:– Telescopes and microscopes can see things that

humans cannot see– We cannot do what light bulbs do– We cannot touch the groove of a rotating vinyl

record and produce the sound of an entire philharmonic orchestra

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Non-human Intelligence

• What is the difference between non-human intelligence (which is already here and has always existed) and super-human intelligence?

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Artificial General Intelligence

• Task-specific vs General-purpose Intelligence

• Originally, A.I. was looking for general-purpose intelligence

• Today’s A.I. is looking for task-specific intelligence (recognizing a cat, driving a car)

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Artificial General Intelligence

• How to simulate an average human (not just one human task) - the “logic theorist” solution (1960s): create a system that can perform reasoning on knowledge and infer the correct behavior for any situation

• How to simulate an average human (not just one human task) - the brute force solution (2000s): create one specific program/robot for each of the millions of possible situations, and then millions of their variants

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Artificial General Intelligence

• Intelligent Behavior from Structured Environments• We structure the chaos of nature because it makes it

easier to survive and thrive in it• The more we structure the environment, the easier

for extremely dumb people and machines to survive and thrive in it.

• It is easy to build a machine that has to operate in a highly structured environment

• What really "does it" is not the machine: it's the structured environment

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Artificial General Intelligence

• The Multiplication of Appliances and Artificial Intelligence by Enumeration

• We have machines that dispense money (ATMs), machines that wash clothes (washing machines), machines that control the temperature of a room (thermostats), and machines that control the speed of a car (cruise controls).

• We can build machines for all the other tasks and then collectively call them “equal” to humans

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Artificial General Intelligence

• The enumeration problem: which human functions qualify as "intelligent"?

• There are very human functions that people don't normally associate with "intelligence". They just happen to be things that human bodies do.

• Do we really want machines that fall asleep or urinate?

• We swing arms when we walk, but we don't consider "swinging arms while walking" a necessary feature of intelligent beings.

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Tips for better A.I.

• IBM's Watson of 2013 consumes 85,000 Watts compared with the human brain's 20 Watts.

• The brain is an analog device, not digital

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Tips for better A.I.

• What we need: a machine that has only a limited knowledge of all the chess games ever played and is allowed to run only so many logical steps before making a move and can still consistently beat the world champion of chess.

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Tips for better A.I.

• What conditions may foster a breakthrough: it is not the abundance of a resource (such as computing power or information) that triggers a major paradigm shift but the scarcity of a resource.

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Dangers of machine intelligence

• Who's Responsible for a Machine's Action?• We believe machines more than we believe

humans• Should there be speed limits for machines?• We are criminalizing Common Sense• You Are a Budget• The dangers of clouding - Wikipedia as a

force for evil

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