cuny 2013 handout
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Comprehension and acquisition of contrastive prosodyChigusa KurumadaMeredith BrownMichael. K. Tanenhaus
Identifying the speaker intention
A: Would you like some coffee?
B: I would love some caffeine.
A: (overlapping slightly with B’s answer) D’you take sugar -- Oh, you’d like some Pepsi?
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Clark (2002)
Identifying the speaker intention
A: Would you like some coffee?
B: I would love some caffeine.
A: (overlapping slightly with B’s answer) D’you take sugar -- Oh, you’d like some Pepsi?
3
Clark (2002)
Bock & Levelt (1994)
coffee x other than coffee
“yes, please” “no, thank you”“I don’t drink coffee”
“I’d love some caffeine”“I’d love some CAFFEINE(L+H*)”
message component
lexicalgrammatical component
phonological component
output system
message component
lexicalgrammatical component
phonological component
output system
coffee
“I’d love some caffeine”
“I’d love some CAFFEINE(L+H*)”
x other than coffee
pragmatic intention
linguistic signal
i i
s
• lexicon• syntax• prosody
i = intention s = signal
“I’d love someCAFFEINE...”
“I’d LOVE somecaffeine”
pragmatic intention
linguistic signal
i
s s s
• lexicon• syntax• prosody
Our proposal
i
i = intention s = signal
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P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i )
What intention does this signal convey?
How likely is s used when the intention
is i?
How likely is i to be conveyed?
i = intention s = signal
9
P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i )
i = intention s = signal
contextsignal
This talk
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1. Inferential mappings in pragmatic interpretations of contrastive prosody
• Experiments 1- 4 with adults
2. Preschoolers’ comprehension
• Experiment 5 with 4-year-olds
(e.g., Cruttenden, 1985; Cutler & Swinney, 1987; Ito et al. 2013; Solan, 1980; Speer & Ito, 2009)
It looks like an X.
Noun-focus prosody Verb-focus prosody
“I think it is a zebra.” “but it is NOT one.”
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12
intention
signal
It is an X It is not an X
“It looks like a ZEBRA!”
“It LOOKS like a zebra...”
P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i ) i = intention s = signal
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P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i ) Exp. 1Exp. 2
Exp. 3
Exp. 4
cue reliability
prior expectations
Experiment 2: Cue Reliability
It is an X It is not an X
“It looks like a ZEBRA!”
“It LOOKS like a zebra...”
High-ReliabilityCondition
Low-ReliabilityCondition
P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i )
(contrastive prosody | “it is not an X”)
• High vs. Lowreliability
• 16 exposure(with feedback) 10 test(without feedback)
• N = 760.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Reliable Unreliable
HighReliability
*p<.05
Prop
ortio
n of
“it
is n
ot a
n X
” re
adin
g
Noun-focus Verb-focus
0%
20%
40%
60%
LowReliability
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P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i )
Exp. 3
Exp. 4
✓
distributional learning(our poster, yesterday)
structural alternatives
✓
Noun-focus Verb-focus
cue reliability
prior expectations
Exp. 1Exp. 2 ✓
Experiment 4: Structural alternatives
signal
intention
It is a zebra
“It LOOKS like a zebra...”
“It looks like a ZEBRA!”
It is not a zebra
Noun-focus Verb-focus
It is a zebra
“It looks like a ZEBRA!”
It is not a zebra
“It’s a ZEBRA!”
Noun-focus Verb-focus
speech signals
pragmatic intention
Experiment 4: Structural alternatives
“It LOOKS like a zebra...”
“It LOOKS like a zebra...”
“It is a ZEBRA!”
Noun-focus Verb-focus
speech signals
pragmatic intention
It is a zebra It is not a zebra
“It looks like a ZEBRA!”
Experiment 4: Structural alternatives
• N=48
• Test Phase only
• 24 2AFC questions(no feedback)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Control Target
Baseline with “it is an X”
Noun-focus Verb-focus
Control Target
8 Noun-focus
8 Verb-focus
8 It’s an X!
12 Noun-focus
Control
Experiment 4: Structural alternatives
12 Verb-focus
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Control Target
Prop
ortio
n of
“it
is n
ot a
n X
” re
adin
gNoun-focus Verb-focus
Control with “it is an X”
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Experiment 4: Structural alternatives
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P( i | s ) ∝ P ( s | i ) P ( i )
Exp. 3
Exp. 4
✓
distributional learning(our poster, yesterday)
structural alternatives
✓
cue reliability
prior expectations
Exp. 1Exp. 2
Acoustically identical items interpreted differently ✓
✓
4-year-olds
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n = 36, Average age = 4;7
Results
Prop
ortio
n of
“it
is n
ot a
n X
” re
adin
g
Combined4-year-olds
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
N-fo
cus
V-fo
cus
V-fo
cus
It’s
an X25
1. prosodic representations
3. finding alternative signals
2. pragmatic inferences
Difficulties may be in:
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Prosody only Forms only Combined
8 Verb-focus
Conditions
8 Noun-focus
8 Noun-focus
8 Verb-focus
8 It’s an X 8 It’s an X
Prop
ortio
n of
“it
is n
ot a
n X
” re
adin
g
CombinedProsodyonly
Formsonly
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
N-fo
cus
V-fo
cus
N-fo
cus
It’s
an X
V-fo
cus
It’s
an X27
4-year-olds
ConclusionReliable intonational interpretation employs inferences between linguistic signals and speaker meanings.
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i
s s s
i
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