cultura, gramática y vocabulario. cultura culture
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Cultura, Gramática y Vocabulario
REPASO DE CAPÍTULO 5
CULTURACulture
GEOCULTURA DE CHILE
• Official Language: Spanish• Currency: Chilean peso• National Dance: La cueca- which represents the courtship
between a rooster and a hen.• Typical Foods: Dishes containing seafood (due to long coastline)
and Pastel de Choclo (a dish made from meat & corn)• Home to 6,000 kilometers of Pacific Coast and is only 180
kilometers wide.• Architecture: due to the various climates and ethnic traditions
in Chile, housing various from region to region. For example, Southern Chilean housing shows influence from British and/or German immigrants and is built to withstand cold winters. Housing in areas like Chiloé island and the Amazon Basin are built on stilts due to rising waters and are brightly colored.
CHILE
Places to know:
1. Santiago
2. Isla de Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua)
3. Los Andes
4. Parque Nacional Laguna San Rafael
5. Parque Nacional Torres del Paine
6. Desierto del Atacama
7. Viña del Mar
CHILE
Reasons Why:
1. Capital of Chile
2. Home to nearly 600 stone statues known as moais
3. Mountain Range that makes up most of Chile
4. Home to sea green glaciers
5. Home to almost perfectly vertical, dangerous peeks.
6. The driest desert in the world.
7. Famous Beach found on Chile’s Pacific Coast.
• Los Mapuches
• Pedro de Valdivia• Augusto Pinochet• Salvador Allende• Pedro Lira• Pablo Neruda• Gabriela Mistral
• Native people of Chile known for their bravery
• Founded Santiago in 1541
• Former Chilean president• Former Chilean dictator• Famous Chilean artist• Famous Chilean poet• Famous Chilean poet
People to Know Reason Why:
CHILE
Both won Nobel Prize for Literature
• Apellidos (Last names) in Latin American countries give information about BOTH of someone’s parents & their family. A person named Juan Perez Herrera is telling the last name of both of his parents- Perez is the last name of Juan’s father and Herrera is the last name of Juan’s mother. In Latin American countries, one carries both last names- the father’s first and then the mother’s.
• La Familia in Spanish speaking countries often does not refer only to one’s immediate family but also members of the extended family. In Spanish speaking countries, extended family members get together often and in some cases, elderly family members live with younger members of the family.
NOTAS CULTURALES:PÁGINAS 160 Y 173
GRAMÁTICAGrammar
• Possessive Adjectives are used to show ownership or a relationship between people and/or things.
• Possessive Adjectives is Spanish, while referring to the owner, their form must match the number and gender (if applicable) of the object that it is referring to.
• Possessive Adjectives (unlike descriptive adjectives) are placed before the noun.
• Possessive Adjectives are used to shorten the phrase de + person. For example: El libro de Juan (Juan’s book) becomes su libro (his book)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
Singular Plural
My
Your (tú)
Your (usted)
His
Her
Our
Your (vosotros)
Your (ustedes)
Their
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
Singular Plural
My Mi Mis
Your (tú) Tu Tus
Your (usted) Su Sus
His Su Sus
Her Su Sus
Our NuestroNuestra
NuestrosNuestras
Your (vosotros) VuestroVuestra
VuestrosVuestras
Your (ustedes) Su Sus
Their Su Sus
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162
Present tense is used to describe actions that occur in the Present
I run
I am running
I do run
Do I run?
Every verb in Spanish has a stem followed by an ending.
The stem is everything before the ending and tells the verb’s meaning. The ending in Spanish can tell you who is the subject. The infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject.
Cantar to sing
Canto I sing
Cantamos we sing
PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)
To conjugate a verb means to change the verbs from the infinitive form to match the subject.
To conjugate a verb in Spanish in Present Tense:
1. Drop the ending from the infinitive (the –ar, -er, or –ir)
2. Add the ending that matches the particular subject
The following slide will show all the present tense endings…
PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)
-AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs
yo
tú
usted
él
ella
Nosotros (as)
Vosotros(as)
ustedes
Ellos(as)
PRESENT TENSE(REPASO)
-AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs
yo -o -o -o
tú -as -es -es
usted -a -e -e
él -a -e -e
ella -a -e -e
Nosotros (as) -amos -emos -imos
Vosotros(as) -áis -éis -ís
ustedes -an -en -en
Ellos(as) -an -en -en
PRESENT TENSE(REPASO)
Since the ending of the verb can tell the subject, the subjects for yo, tú, nosotros, & vosotros can be omitted because their
verb endings ONLY match their subjects.
These subjects or their subject pronouns can be added to emphasize or clarify who is being talked about.
Ana y yo cantamos. (Ana & I sing)
Cantamos. (We sing)
PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)
-AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs
yo -o -o -o
tú -as -es -es
Nosotros (as) -amos -emos -imos
Vosotros(as) -áis -éis -ís
The subjects usted, él, and ella share the same ending and the subjects ustedes and ellos share the same endings.
As a result, the subject MUST be used to clarify!
Cantan (They sing or you sing)
Ellos cantan. (They sing)
Ana y usted cantan. (Ana and you sing)
PRESENT TENSE(REPASO)
-AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs
usted -a -e -e
él -a -e -e
ella -a -e -e
ustedes -an -en -en
ellos -an -en -en
English Spanish English Spanish
I work We works
You work You works
You (ud.) work You (uds.) work
He works They work
She works
PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)
TRABAJAR- TO WORK
English Spanish English Spanish
I work Trabajo We works Trabajamos
You work Trabajas You works Trabajáis
You (ud.) work Usted trabaja You (uds.) work Ustedes trabajan
He works Él trabaja They work Ellos trabajan
She works Ella trabaja
PRESENT TENSETRABAJAR- TO WORK
PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)
TRABAJAR- TO WORK
Some verbs are referred to as Stem-changing verbs.
In these cases, the stem of the verb (everything before the ending) will change in all forms except nosotros & vosotros (This is known as the BOOT
shape)There are 4 types of stem-changes in Spanish.
e ie
e i
o ue
u ue (VERY RARE)
PRESENT TENSESTEM-CHANGES
English Spanish English Spanish
I sleep We sleep
You sleep You sleep
You (ud.) sleep
You (uds.) sleep
He sleeps They sleep
She sleeps
PRESENT TENSE(REPASO)
JUGAR (U;UE)- TO PLAY
PRESENT TENSE O;UE STEM CHANGE (PG 164)
DORMIR (O;UE)- TO PLAY
English Spanish English Spanish
I sleep Duermo We sleep Dormimos
You sleep Duermes You sleep Dormís
You (ud.) sleep Usted Duerme You (uds.) sleep
Ustedes Duermen
He sleeps Él Duerme They sleep Ellos Duermen
She sleeps Ella Duerme
PRESENT TENSE U;UE STEM CHANGE (PG 164)
DORMIR(O;UE)- TO PLAY
• Jugar (u;ue)• Dormir • Almorzar• Volver• Llover
• To play (games/sports)
• To sleep• To have lunch• To return (to a place)• To rain
COMMON O;UE STEM CHANGING VERBS
English Spanish English Spanish
I want We want
You want You want
You (ud.) want
You (uds.) want
He wants They want
She wants
PRESENT TENSEE;IE STEM CHANGE (PG. 164)
QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT
English Spanish English Spanish
I want Quiero We want Queremos
You want Quieres You want Queréis
You (ud.) want Usted quiere You (uds.)
wantUstedes quieren
He wants Él quiere They want Ellos quieren
She wants Ella quiere
PRESENT TENSEQUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT
PRESENT TENSEE;IE STEM CHANGE (PG. 164)
QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT
• Empezar• Merendar• Entender• Querer• Tener • *Tengo• Venir• *Vengo
• To begin• To have a snack• To understand• To want• To have• *I have• To come• *I come
COMMON E;IE STEM CHANGING VERBS
Some verbs are irregular and MUST be completely memorized!
Ir- to go is one such verb.The following slide shows the conjugation of the verb
ir- to go
PRESENT TENSETHE VERB IR- TO GO
English Spanish English Spanish
I go (am going)
We go (are going)
You go (are going)
You go (are going)
You (ud.) go (are going)
You (uds.) go (are going)
He goes (is going)
They go (are going)
She goes (is going)
PRESENT TENSEIR- TO GO
English Spanish English Spanish
I go (am going) voy We go (are
going) vamos
You go (are going) vas You go (are
going) vais
You (ud.) go (are going) Usted va You (uds.) go
(are going) Ustedes van
He goes (is going) Él va They go (are
going) Ellos van
She goes (is going) Ella va
PRESENT TENSEIR- TO GO
The preposition a is used after the verbs ir and jugar.
After the verb ir, a is used to mean to.
Voy a la iglesia.
I go to the church.
Similarly, after the verb jugar, a is used with a sport.
Jugamos al golf.
We play golf.
Remember that the preposition a combines with the definite article el to make al.
**Also remember that the preposition de combines with the definite article el to make del.
IR A + INFINITIVE (REPASO-PAGE 136)
• Both verbs mean to be• The difference is that Ser refers to things that
are permanent and Estar refers to things that are temporary.
• To remember which verb to use: For Ser use D.O.T.T.I.P. and for Estar use H.E.L.P.C.T.
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
D- DescriptionsO- OriginT- TimeT- Traits (permanent)I- IdentificationP- Possession (or Profession)
H- HealthE- EmotionsL- LocationP- Progressive TenseC- ConditionsT- Traits (changing)
SER ESTAR
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
• Al lado de• Cerca de• Debajo de• Delante de• Detrás de• Encima de• Lejos de
• Next to• Near, Close to• Underneath• In front of• Behind• On top of, Above• Far from
Because Estar deals with Location, it is important to know your prepositions!
(see page 174)
SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)
Ser To be EstarI am
You (informal) are
You (formal) are
He is
She is
We are
You (informal) are
You (formal) are
They are
Ser To be Estar(Yo) soy I am (Yo) estoy
(Tú) eres You (informal) are (Tú) estás
Usted es You (formal) are Usted está
Él es He is Él está
Ella es She is Ella está
(Nosotros/Nosotras) somos
We are (Nosotros/Nosotras) estamos
(Vosotros/Vosotras) sois
You (informal) are (Vosotros/Vosotras) estáis
Ustedes son You (formal) are Ustedes están
Ellos/Ellas son They are Ellos/Ellas están
Negative words in Spanish can take the place of the word no or can be added toward the end of a sentence that already has no.
No voy a la clase.Nunca voy a la clase.No voy a la clase nunca.
The words nada and nadie can both be used as a subject in a sentence in which case they are placed before the verb.
Nada es facílNadie quiere sacar la basura.
When nada and nadie are used after the verb, no must be placed before the verb.
No quiero hacer nada.No hay nadie en clase hoy.
NEGATIVE WORDS (PG. 176)
• No• Nunca• Siempre• Tampoco• También• Nada• Algo• Nadie• Alguien
• Don’t/Do Not• Never (ever)• Always• Neither/Not Either• Also• Nothing (Not anything)• Something• Nobody/Not Anybody• Someone/Somebody
NEGATIVE & POSITIVE WORDS
• The verb Tocar is used to tell whose turn it is to do something or what your duties are.
• Tocar is usually followed by an infinitive and may be conjugated like the verb gustar.
A ti te toca limpiar el cuartoIt is your turn to clean the room.
Hoy le toca a Juan.Today, It’s Juan’s turn.
THE VERB TOCAR- PG. 178
THE VERB TOCAR
Singular (object) Plural (object)
It is my turn A mí Me toca A mí Me tocan
It is your (tú) turn A ti Te toca A ti Te tocan
It is your (usted) turn A usted Le toca A usted Le tocan
It is his turn A él Le toca A él Le tocan
It is her turn A ella Le toca A ella Le tocan
It is our turn A Nosotros Nos toca A Nosotros Nos tocan
It is your (vosotros) turn
A Vosotros Os toca A Vosotros Os tocan
It is your (ustedes) turn
A Ustedes Les toca A Ustedes Les tocan
It is their turn A Ellos Les toca A Ellos Les tocan
• The verb Parecer is used to tell how something may seem to someone.
• It is very common to use this verb when asking for or giving an opinion.
• Parecer is conjugated like the verb gustar. A ti te parece injusto limpiar el cuarto
To you it seems unjust to clean the room.
A Juan le parece bien jugar al golf.To Juan it seems good to play golf.
THE VERB PARECER PG. 178
THE VERB PARECER
Singular (object) Plural (object)
It seems to me A mí Me parece A mí Me parecen
It seems to you (tú) A ti Te parece A ti Te parecen
It seems to you (usted)
A usted Le parece A usted Le parecen
It seems to hiim A él Le parece A él Le parecen
It seems to her A ella Le parece A ella Le parecen
It seems to us A Nosotros Nos parece
A Nosotros Nos parecen
It seems to you (vosotros)
A Vosotros Os parece A Vosotros Os parecen
It seems to you (ustedes)
A Ustedes Les parece
A Ustedes Les parecen
It seems to them A Ellos Les parece A Ellos Les parecen
VOCABULARIOVocabulary
• Vocabulary for this Chapter can be found on page 187 in your textbook and on your Chapter 5-Part I and Chapter 5-Part II Vocabulary Lists (located on EaglePoint).
• Also- don’t forget to look at your ¡Exprésate! boxes
VOCABULARIO
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