cruise control: cruise ships influencing the city of venice

Cruise Control

Shane

BellinghamCortney

Davis

Chris

O’BrienErin

Saari

The Impacts of cruise ships on the city of Venice.

85 Ships 119 Ships

1.7 million Passengers

5 million Passengers

Ships vs. Passengers Europe

2000

2009

• Ships increased 40%

• Passengers increased 194%

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total increase

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Cruise Ship Growth in Venice

Passengers CallsYear

% I

nc

rea

se

200 m

Pilot Boards

Tugboats

Vibrations

Hydrodynamics

Air Quality

Captain takes control

Mooring men

Top 15 EU Ports Passenger Visits

870,000 passengers

2008 Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

30-J

an8-

Feb

17-F

eb

26-F

eb7-

Mar

16-M

ar

25-M

ar

3-Apr

12-A

pr

21-A

pr

30-A

pr

9-M

ay

18-M

ay

27-M

ay5-

Jun

14-J

un

23-J

un2-

Jul

11-J

ul

20-J

ul

29-J

ul

7-Aug

16-A

ug

25-A

ug

3-Sep

12-S

ep

21-S

ep

30-S

ep9-

Oct

18-O

ct

27-O

ct

5-Nov

14-N

ov

23-N

ov

2-Dec

11-D

ec

20-D

ec

29-D

ec0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Passengers Disembarking (2010)

Date

Pas

sen

ger

s

October 30th-December 8th

OurProject

30-O

ct

1-Nov

3-Nov

5-Nov

7-Nov

9-Nov

11-N

ov

13-N

ov

15-N

ov

17-N

ov

19-N

ov

21-N

ov

23-N

ov

25-N

ov

27-N

ov

29-N

ov

1-Dec

3-Dec

5-Dec

7-Dec

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Passengers Disembarking

Date

Pas

sen

ger

s

Impact of Cruise Ships

Economy

Vibrations

Hydrodynamics

Mobility

Air Quality

Top 15 Europe Ports Expenditures

95 Million

Impact:VibrationsHydrodynamicsMobilityAir Quality

Impact:

VibrationsHydrodynamicsMobilityAir Quality

Vibrational Effects

Structural Damage Liquefaction

Reasons for Interest:

Cell Phone Accelerometer

Accelerometer in an Android phone

Sensor Insider Pro

Measures Orientation and

Acceleration

Measurement Units

http://www.shadowspawn.net/beta/quake3_mapping_yaw_pitch_roll_tut.htm

Acceleration:• m/s^2

http://www.elec-intro.com/acceleration

Orientation:• Yaw, Pitch and Roll

Phone Orientation

Vibrations from Queen Victoria

Ship shuts off engine Ship approaches dock Planks being placed down Passengers disembarking

Vibrations from Queen Victoria

Vibrations from MSC Magnifica

Vibration Observations

• Vibrations present

• Phone not sensitive enough to detect

Impact:Vibrations

HydrodynamicsMobilityAir Quality

Hydrodynamic Impact

Reasons for Interest:

• Alterations to natural flow

• Damage to canal walls

• Boat traffic

Water Accelerates Around the Hull

Stagnant Maximum

Determining Factors

• Size and Geometry

• Vessel Speed

• Distance from Shore / Canal

• Tidal Conditions (Level and Phase)

Cruise Ship Passing Shallow Canal

ISMAR (1993)

ISMAR Velocity and Height ResultsIl Rio di Santa Eufemia

VELOCITY:

HEIGHT:

“Database Navi, Gennaio 2004”

ISMAR (1993)

Water Level in Canal

Recorded Water Level – MSC Magnifica

Velocity Increase

Velocity Decrease

VPC and ISMAR Comparison

* Compressed for Consistent Time Frame

Hydrodynamic Conclusions

• ISMAR’s measurements are accurate

• Current Increased ~ 57%

• Most potential damage when:• High speed• Closer to canal• Low tide• Larger ships

Impact:VibrationsHydrodynamics

MobilityAir Quality

Transportation Choices

Reasons for interest:

• Increase in cruise ships• Increase in passengers

• Effectiveness of transportation choices

Total 15,438

Total 15,438

39%6%

9%

10%

6%

39%

Total 15,438

21%

Total 15,438

Total 15,438

6%

9%

Total 15,438

25%

9%

10%

6%

Total 15,438

9%6%

15%21% 39%

25%

9%

10%

6%

Total 15,438

6%

9%

21%

25%

39%

6%

9%39%

25%

21%

9%

6%

39%

25%

21%

9%

6%

39%

25%

21%

9%

6%

39%

25%

21%

9%

6%

39%

25%

21%

9%

6%

39%

25%

21%

Mobility Conclusions• Buses- 6059 passengers (39%) 3 signs

• Boats- 3866 passengers (25%) 8 signs

• Taxis- 3209 passengers (21%) 4 signs

• People Mover-1386 passengers (9%) 3 signs

• Walking- 918 passengers (6%) 1 sign

Impact :VibrationsHydrodynamicsMobility

Air Quality

Aerosol Black Carbon

Reasons for interest:• Direct and indirect effects

• Physiological• Physical• Chemical

• Tracer to indicate movement of meteorological air masses

• Second leading cause of Global Warming

Aerosol Black Carbon

• PM2.5 aerodynamic size range (i.e. less than 2.5 μm).

• U.S. Regulations • OSHA (PEL): < 3,500,000 ng/m3

• NIOSH (IDLH): < 1,750,000,000 ng/m3

http://mageesci.com/

Aethalometer®microAeth® Model AE51

Using the Aethalometer

Using the Aethalometer

Using the Aethalometer

Using the Aethalometer

BC in Venice

BC in Venice

BC in Venice

BC in Venice

Harbor Location

Harbor Location

Harbor Location

Harbor Location

Contributing Factors

• # of ships present• Efficiency of engines

• Fuel quality

• Appliances near instrument• Wind• People smoking• Land vehicles

Harbor Data

16:0

018

:00

20:0

022

:00

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

012

:00

14:0

00

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Hourly Black Carbon Levels

17-Nov16-Nov15-Nov13-Nov12-Nov11-Nov

BC

Lev

el (

ng

*m^

-3)

*Note*2 Cruise Ships and 1 Ferry on 10-Nov 1 Cruise Ship and 1 Ferry on 14-Nov

= Cruise Ship

= Ferry

ArrivalDeparture

Atmosphere Settling

Wind from Marghera

62.5° @ 1.41m/s

Arriving Ferries

Departing Ferry

Air Quality Conclusions

• BC >> @ night and morning

• BC levels directly correlate with the presence of cruise ships and ferries• Levels are significantly higher but would not

violate OSHA regulations

Impact:VibrationsHydrodynamicsMobilityAir Quality

Phone not sensitive enough

Vibrations present

4.5 times increase

in BC level

Confirmed ISMAR

Levels would not violate

US regulations

Buses most popular 39%Boats most advertized

• https://sites.google.com/site/ve10ships/

• Email: ve10-ships@wpi.edu

• Venice Project Center• Address: San Polo 1932/A Fondamenta de le

Tette Venice, 30125 ITALY• Telephone: (+39) 041 523-3209 • Fax: (+39) 041 241-9344

For More Information

Special Thanks!

• Jeff Blair• Magee Scientific

• Antonio Campagnol• Capitaneria di Porto

• Marco Nogara• Captain for Disney Cruise Lines

• Luca Zaggia• Istituto di Scienze Marine

• Marco Zanforlin• Venezia Terminal Passiggeri

We look forward to future collaboration!

The Team

Cortney Davis

Biology

Chris O’Brien

Mechanical

Engineering

Shane

Bellingham

Mechanical

Engineering

Erin Saari

Chemical

Engineering

Questions?