cost and schedule risk modelling - range analysis

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Many of the methods and tools used to model project cost uncertainty have their roots in the time before computers were generally available to support projects. These manual techniques have become embedded in current practice, with all their limitations and shortcomings. They are now regarded as de facto standards simply because they have been in use since before many people working in the field were born but they are inefficient and can be misleading.

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Creating value from uncertaintywww.Broadleaf.com.au

Cost and schedule risk assessment

PMI Australia Conference 2014

Presented by Dr Stephen Grey

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ThemeA lot of quantitative risk assessment is unnecessarily cumbersome and soaks up effort without adding value to a project. 

The approaches used often make it very hard to think clearly and realistically about a project.

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Modelling

Reality Belief

Model

Project

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Describing a model

Assumptions

Sources of uncertaintyDependencies

Cost

The requirement

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Requirement

Project ∑

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Inputs $Duration

The candidates

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Three methodsRisk events• List risks• Probability and impact (range of variation)• Add them upLine items• Line items from estimate (summary)• Range of variation in line item• Add them upRisk factors• Cost or duration estimating relationships• Uncertainty in inputs to relationships (ranges)• Simulate the effect on the base case

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Similarities

Rela onships in the model ≡ Rela onship in reality?

Is the link between inputs and reality easily understood?

Almost any attention to project risk will be beneficial

Some are more cost‐effective than others

Model

Risk event model

Risk Probability Impact P x IRisk 1 P1 I1 P1 x I1Risk 2 P2 I2 P2 x I2Risk 3 P3 I3 P3 x I3Risk 4 P4 I4 P4 x I4… … …

Risk n Pn In Pn x InTotal ΣPi x Ii

Mon

te Carlo simulation

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Modelling based on risk events

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Risk Probability Impact P x IRisk 1 P1 I1 P1 x I1Risk 2 P2 I2 P2 x I2Risk 3 P3 I3 P3 x I3Risk 4 P4 I4 P4 x I4… … …

Risk n Pn In Pn x InTotal ΣPi x Ii

Mon

te Carlo sim

ulation

Line item modelling

WBS Item Labour Materials Total Contingency

Annnn $ $ $ $

Bnnnn $ $ $ $

Cnnnn $ $ $ $

Dnnnn $ $ $ $

… … … … …

Znnnn $ $ $ $

Total Σ$ Σ$ Mon

te Carlo sim

ulation

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Line item modelling

Target

Risk of exceeding target

WBS Item Labour Materials Total Contingency

Annnn $ $ $ $

Bnnnn $ $ $ $

Cnnnn $ $ $ $

Dnnnn $ $ $ $

… … … … …

Znnnn $ $ $ $

Total Σ$ Σ$ Mon

te Carlo sim

ulation

Project estimate summaryLabour Facilities Super‐

visionMaterials Sub‐

contractsServices Expenses Total

Earthworks 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Concrete 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

… 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Overheads 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Project Total ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Risk factors model

Uncertainty about quantities of concrete (m3)

Uncertainty about rates for cost of concrete ($/m3)

Cost estimating relationships (e.g. Cost = Quantity x Unit rate)

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Simulated cost = Base estimate x (1 + ΔQuantity) x (1 + ΔRate)

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Risk factor modelling

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Project estimate summaryLabour Facilities Super‐

visionMaterials Sub‐

contractsServices Expenses Total

Earthworks 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Concrete 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

… 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Overheads 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 ?

Project Total ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Uncertainty about quantities of concrete (m3)

Uncertainty about rates for cost of concrete ($/m3)

Simulated cost = Base estimate x (1 + ΔQuantity) x (1 + ΔRate)

Making it work

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Risk event

No effect

Probability = 33%

Probability = 67%

Likely=$4MMin =$2M Max=$8M

Variation in costif the event occurs

No effect

Probability = 33%

Probability = 67%

Likely=$4MMin =$2M Max=$8M

Variation in costif the event occurs

Project ∑Inputs Outputs

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Risk event model

Project ∑Inputs OutputsProject ∑Inputs Outputs

Project ∑Inputs OutputsProject ∑Inputs Outputs

Project ∑Inputs OutputsProject ∑Inputs Outputs

Project ∑Inputs OutputsProject ∑Inputs Outputs

Project ∑Inputs Outputs

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Common factors, overlaps and interactions

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Line item range

Inputs Outputs∑

Cost line item

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Line item model

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Common dependencies and correlations

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Risk factor model

Inputs Outputs∑

Cost drivers

Risk factors

Riskfactor

Target

Risk of exceeding target

Risk factor example (partial)Small IT development project

Professional services $

Software scale

Team productivity

Professional services rates

Duration

Overhead rates ($/month)

Overhead $

Market rates for licenses

Number of users

Design decision

Option 1

Option 2

Installed license cost $Contingency assessment 

methods & trends

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Electrical & instrumentation

Steel, mechanical & piping

Concrete

Earthworks

Risk factor example (partial)Mineral processing plant construction

Earthworks direct labour $

Earthworks quantity

Labour productivity

Labour rates

Lump sum valueDesign decision

Option 1

Option 2

Major equipment item cost $

Bulk material rates $/m3

Bulk material cost $

Contingency assessment methods & trends

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Assessing input parameters

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Describing a rangeCommon practice

Outcome1 23

1. Start in the middle and work out

2. Explain reason for choosing numbersAnchoring bias

Confirmation bias

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Describing a rangeGood practice

1. Establish context

• Assumptions

• Sources of uncertainty

• Pessimistic and optimistic scenarios

2. Start with the extremes and work in

Pre‐empt confirmation

Break anchoring

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Describing a rangeCommon practice

Outcome12 3

Assumptions

Sources of uncertainty

Scenarios

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SummaryModelling using risk factors is generally simpler and more realistic than using structures based on risk events or line item ranging

Context setting and methods to limit anchoring are required to get realistic assessments of uncertain values’ ranges

It need not be hard work!

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ContactDr Stephen GreyAssociate DirectorGrey@Broadleaf.com.au+61 412 223 256

If you would like further information about this topic please contact us. 

For further information visitwww.Broadleaf.com.au

© 2014 Broadleaf Capital International Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.

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