copyright © 2010 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. unit 7 gastroenterology

Unit 7

Gastroenterology

Digestive System

Steps in the Process of Digestion

1. Teeth chew food– masticat/ion

2. Saliva combines with food

3. Tongue pushes food into throat– Pharynx

4. Smooth muscle contractions push food down esophagus to stomach– ingest/ion

5. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food in stomach

6. Broken down food moves to duodenum

7. Duodenal wall and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes

8. Bile from gallbladder mixes in

9. Enzymes break down food components– digest/ion

• Starches into glucose

• Proteins into amino acids

• Bile emulsifies fats

10.Nutrients and water absorb into blood and lymphatic systems through intestinal walls– absorp/tion

11.Undigested and unabsorbed food (feces or stool) travel through large intestine to rectum

12.Feces expel through anus– defecat/ion

Animation

• Insert Digestion animation

Carbohydrates

• carb/o = combining form– Indicates presence of carbon in substance

• Example:– carb/o/hydrates = contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and

oxygen (O) and provide energy for body

– Glucose• Most simple carbohydrate in body

– Starch• Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, and flour

Enzymes

• Special proteins that assist in breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods

• -ase = suffix to indicate enzyme

Enzymes

Enzyme Break downlip/ase fat into fatty acids

amyl/ase starch into simple sugar

lact/ase lactose into simple sugar

lact/ose intolerance = difficulty digesting milk products due to lack of lactase

Malnutrition

• Over- or under-nutrition

• Obesity– Being overweight for height and body frame size

• Due to hypertrophy of fat cells

– Causes:• Overeating and lack of exercise

– Adds to risk of heat disease, hypertension, and arthritis

Bariatrics

• bar/o = weight

• bar/iatrics = medical practice specializing in prevention and treatment of obesity

• bar/atric medical center = provides nutrition counseling, behavior therapy, and surgical interventions

• stomat/o = combining form

• Origin– Greek

– stoma = mouth

• Examples:– stomat/o/pathy = any mouth disease

– stomat/algia = pain in mouth

– stomat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of mouth

– stomat/itis = inflammation of mouth

– stomat/o/myc/osis = mouth fungus

Mouth Procedures

• stomat/o/scope = instrument used to examine mouth

• stomat/o/scopy = process of examining mouth with scope

• stomat/o/plasty = surgical repair of mouth

Oral Cavity

Tongue

• gloss/o = combining form

• gloss/al = adjectival form

Tongue Conditions and Procedures

• gloss/algia = pain in tongue

• gloss/itis = inflammation of tongue

• gloss/o/ptosis = prolapse of tongue

• gloss/o/plegia = paralysis of tongue

• gloss/o/scopy = examination of tongue

• gloss/ectomy = excision of tongue

Under the Tongue

• Terms meaning under tongue:– hypo/glossal

– sub/lingual• lingu/o = combining form for tongue

– Latin

• Some medications placed under tongue– E.g., nitroglycerin tablets

• cheil = word root

• cheil/o = combining form

• Examples:– cheil/osis = condition or disorder of lips

– cheil/itis = inflammation of lips

– cheil/o/tomy = incision into lips

– cheil/o/plasty = plastic surgery of lips

• gingiv/o = combining form

• Examples:– gingiv/al = pertaining to gums

– gingiv/itis = inflammation of gums

– gingiv/algia = gum pain

– gingiv/ectomy = excision of gum tissue

Terms Involving the Gums

• gingiv/o/gloss/itis = inflammation of gums and tongue

• lingu/o/gingiv/al = pertaining to tongue and gums

Esophagus

• esophag/o = combining form– eso- = in or toward

– phag/o = swallow

• esophag/eal = adjectival form

• Examples:– esophag/o/sten/osis = narrowing of esophagus

– para/esophag/eal hernia = herniation around esophagus

Esophagus

• Terms that mean pertaining to stomach and esophagus:– esophag/o/gastr/ic

– gastr/o/esophag/eal

• gastr/o/esophag/eal reflux disease (GERD) = gastric and duodenal juices enter and irritate esophagus

Preventing GERD

• Avoid eating just before going to bed

• Avoid fatty foods

• Lose extra weight

• Elevate head of bed

Stomach

• gastr/o = combining form

• gastr/ic = adjectival form

• Examples:– gastr/o/rrhagia = stomach hemorrhage

– gastr/ectasia = dilation or stretching of stomach

Gastritis

• gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach

• Common cause:– Helicobacter pylori (HP)

• Transmitted through contamination by vomit and feces

• Symptoms:– Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia

Small Intestine

• enter/o = combining form

• Examples:– enter/ic = pertaining to small intestine

• Tablets that dissolve in small intestine may have enteric coating

– enter/itis = inflammation of small intestine

Structure and Function of the Small Intestine

• Three sections:– Duodenum

• Stomach contents enter and mix with bile and enzymes

– Jejunum

– Ileum• Walls rich in blood supply and lymphatic vessels to absorb

digested nutrients

Small Intestine Conditions

• enter/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of small intestine

• enter/o/plegia = paralysis of small intestine

• enter/o/cele = herniation of small intestine

Dysentery

• Disorder of small intestine characterized by:– Inflammation, pain, and diarrhea

• Can be caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria

• Amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba-type parasite

Small Intestine Procedures

• enter/o/centesis = surgical puncture of small intestine

• enter/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of small intestine

• enter/ectasia = dilation or stretching of small intestine

Terms with enter/o

• gastro/o/enter/o/logy = internal medicine specialty that deals with diseases of stomach and intestine

• gastro/enter/ic = pertaining to stomach and small intestine

• gastro/o/enter/o/ptosis = prolapse of stomach and small intestine

• Another word for large intestine

• col/o = combining form

• Examples:– col/ic and col/o/nic = pertaining to colon

Anatomy of the Colon

• Ascending colon

• Transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

Anatomy of the Colon

• Cecum– Pouch at beginning of ascending colon

• ile/o/cec/al valve = location where digested and undigested food moves from small intestine into cecum

Functions of the Colon

1. Receives contents of small intestine

2. Absorbs water and water-soluble nutrients through its wall

3. Eliminates feces via rectum and anus

Constipation

• con/stip/ation = infrequent or small amount of bowel movement

• Origin– Latin word parts meaning withhold or press together

• Caused by:– Anesthesia use, aging, dehydration, and low-fiber intake

Cathartics

• cathartic = laxative

• Origin– Greek

– katharsis = purification

• Result in:– Liquefaction of stool or relaxation of bowel (intestine)

Cathartics

• Catharsis– Also means emotional release

– Used in psychoanalysis

Slow Colonic Motility (Movement)

• Caused by:– Chronic lack of moisture and bulk in feces

• Conditions:– Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticular

disease

• Treatment:– Medications and increase in dietary fiber

Diverticulitis

• Diverticula– Outpouchings or pockets that develop in colon wall

• diverticul/osis = presence of diverticula

• diverticul/itis = infection and inflammation of diverticula caused by trapped food that putrefies and irritates tissues

Terms with col/o

• col/o/ptosis = prolapse of colon

• col/o/centesis = surgical puncture of colon

• col/o/pexy = surgical fixation of colon

• col/o/ostomy = making of new opening in colon

Colostomy Sites

Sigmoid Colon

• sigmoid/o = combining form

• Examples:– sigmoid/o/scope = instrument used to examine sigmoid

– sigmoid/o/scopy = procedure of examining sigmoid colon with scope

Fecal Occult Blood Test

• Test performed to detect occult blood in feces– Also known as guaiac test

– occult = hidden

• Presence of blood sign of infection, ulcers, or tumors

Appendix

• Worm-like glandular structure growing from bottom of cecum

• appendices = plural

• append and appendix = word roots

• Examples:– appendic/itis = inflammation of appendix

– append/ectomy = excision of appendix

Rectum

• rect/o = combining form

• Examples:– rect/al = pertaining to rectum

– rect/o/cele = herniation of rectum

Rectal Procedures

• rect/o/scope = instrument for examining rectum

• rect/o/scopy = process of examining rectum with scope

• rect/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of rectum

• rect/o/plasty = plastic surgery of rectum

• rect/o/rrhapy = suturing of rectum

Terms with proct/o

• proct/o = combining form for anus and rectum

• Examples:– proct/o/logy = study of diseases of anus and rectum

– proct/o/logist = specialist in diseases of anus and rectum

– proct/o/plegia = paralysis of anus and rectum

Terms with proct/o

• Examples:– proct/o/scope = instrument for examining anus and rectum

– proct/o/scopy = examination of anus and rectum with scope

– proct/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of anus and rectum

– proct/o/rrhaphy = suturing of anus and rectum

– proct/o/pexy = surgical fixation of anus and rectum

• hepat/o = combining form

• Examples:– hepat/ic = pertaining to liver

– hepat/o/pathy = any liver disease

Accessory Organs

Hepatitis

• Hepat/itis = inflammation of liver

• Hepatitis A– Acute infection associated with food or water contaminated

by human waste

Hepatitis

• Hepatitis B– Serious viral infection transmitted by blood and body fluids

– Classified as sexually transmitted disease

• Hepatitis C– Chronic condition usually transmitted by blood

Cirrhosis

• Cirrhosis of the liver– Debilitating disease when scar tissue forms in liver

• Caused by:– Malnutrition, alcoholism, poisoning, or history of hepatitis

• Treatment:– Diet modifications, vitamins, alcohol cessation, energy

conservation, and surgery

Liver Conditions

• hepat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage in liver

• hepat/o/cele = herniation of liver

• hepat/o/dynia = pain in liver

• hepat/o/lith = stone in liver

Liver Procedures

• hepat/o/scopy = examination of liver

• hepat/o/tomy = incision into liver

• hepat/ectomy = excision of part of liver

Pancreas

• Digestive and endocrine organ– Digestive function:

• Produces amylase and lipase

– Endocrine function• Produces insulin

• pancreat/o = combining form

• pancreat/ic = pertaining to pancreas

Terms with Pancreat/o

• pancreat/o/pathy = any pancreatic disease

• pancreat/o/lith = stone or calculus in pancreas

• pancreat/o/tomy = incision into pancreas

• pancreat/ectomy = surgical removal of pancreas

• pancreat/o/lysis = destruction of pancreatic tissue

Animation

• Insert The Pancreas

• end/o/scop/ic retro/grade cholangi/o/pancreat/o/graphy

• Purpose:– Locate stone

• Procedure:1. Insert cannula (tube) into common bile duct or pancreatic

2. Introduce contrast media

3. Take x-ray

Spleen

• Blood-forming organ

• splen/o = combining form

• Examples:– splen/ic = pertaining to spleen

– splen/ectmy = excision of spleen

– splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen

Spleen Conditions

• splen/o/pathy = any spleen disease

• splen/algia = pain in spleen

• splen/o/megaly = enlarged spleen

• splen/o/ptosis = prolapse of spleen

• splen/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of spleen

Spleen Procedures

• splen/ectomy = excision of spleen

• splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen

• splen/o/rrhapy = suture of spleen

Atresia

• Blockage or lack of opening

• Origin– Greek

– tresis = hole

• esophageal a/tres/ia = esophagus closed

• biliary a/tres/ia = bile ducts not open– Bile backs up into liver

Atresia

• intestinal a/tres/ia = congenital condition when part of intestine closed

• mitral a/tres/ia = congenital closure of mitral valve in heart

Words Built from Digestive System Terms

• jejun/o/ile/itis = inflammation of jejunum and ileum

• chole/cyst/o/duoden/ostomy = new opening between duodenum and gallbladder

• esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy = examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

• chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy = x-ray of biliary and pancreatic ducts

• esophag/o/duoden/ostomy = new connection surgically made between esophagus and duodenum– When entire stomach removed

• enter/o/cholecyst/ostomy = new connection between small intestine and gallbladder

copyright © 2010 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. unit 7 gastroenterology

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