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Value addition to MaxiesAgri CompostAgri Compost
D.C.Hettiarachchi
B.Sc.(Bio),PGD (Ind.Mcb), M.Sc.(Ind.Mcb)
R & D Consultant
3/3/2012 1www.maxies.lk
What is Maxies Agri Compost & from where
does it come?
Maxies Agri compost is manufactured
by Maxies Agi Business (Pvt) Ltd., a
subsidiary of Maxies and Co. (Pvt) Ltd.subsidiary of Maxies and Co. (Pvt) Ltd.
3/3/2012 2www.maxies.lk
Why does Maxies & Co. (Pvt). Ltd. start this
project?
1. For sustainability of the entire poultry
operation
2. For material re-cycling
3. For providing carbon to the soil in an
environment friendly manner (locking carbon
in the earth)
Maxies & Co
Poultry
Processing
20,000/d
Environment
controlled broiler
Farm units
Fecal matter & wood
shaving, dead birds,
3000 tons/year
Maxie Agri
Slu
dge 5
M3
-4.8
-5%
dry
matter
Treated effluent
to river (80%)
compost
waste water
treatment
system
Maxies integrated
Poultry operation
Maxies & Co
(Pvt) Ltd
Layer unit
30,000 birds
Piggery
unit 1,600
animalsFecal matter, urine
Dead animals (50,000 L/day)
Fecal matter,
wood shaving,
dead birds (2.5
tons/cage /180days
x 11)
Maxie Agri
Composting
project
Biogas unit Rendering
Plant I & II
compost
cooking
3/3/2012 3www.maxies.lk
Main raw materials for the compost
• Closed house broiler litter
• Saw dust
• Water
Technique used Windrow compostingcomposting
3/3/2012 4www.maxies.lk
Process
1. Raw litter is chemically analyzed to know N to C ratio
2. This ratio is adjusted to above 1:20 for proper composting
3. Moisture level is raised to about 50%
4. Materials are mixed well using a front loader
5. The mixture is piled with a dimension of 10-12 feet wide and 6 feet height, 160 feet long
6. The pile is turned every 10 days, more water is added if added.
7. Progress of the composting process is monitored by taking temperature readings of core and shallow layers of the pile, Temperature – about 68 oC.
8. Active, thermophylic composting process lasts for about 12 weeks
9. Maturing stage continues from 12 weeks- typically 4 weeks – if more - better
10. During the maturing stage, a suspension of spores of a beneficial fungus, Trichodermaviride is sprayed on to the pile as a value addition.
11. Finally, composted material is ground, sieved and packed. 3/3/2012 5www.maxies.lk
Saw dust used for increasing C:N ratio Mixing raw materials
3/3/2012 6www.maxies.lk
Increasing moisture content Pilling the mixed raw material (Windrow)
Turning the windrow pile every 10-15 days Temperature monitoring
3/3/2012 7www.maxies.lk
Temperature monitoring
Trichoderma viride large scale production
A pure culture of Trichoderma viride
Spraying spores of Trichoderma viride Growing of Trichoderma on compost
3/3/2012 8www.maxies.lk
Ground & sieved compost is being packed
Compost analysis by CRI & recommendations(CRI =coconut research institute of Sri Lanka)
• Every batch of compost is analyzed by the
laboratory of soil & nutrition of CRI.
• After analyzing several batches, and looking • After analyzing several batches, and looking
at the recommendations given by the CRI, 26-
28kg of Maxies Agri compost together with
1000g of MOP is prescribed for a coconut
plant per year.
3/3/2012 10www.maxies.lk
Sample
Code
(CRI SPND
Lab No)
Moistu
re
%
(d.w.b.)
N P K Mg Ca Na OC C/N
Ratio% d.w.b.
F-139 29.55
22.80
(w.w.b.)
1.35 0.301
(P2O5-
0.688)
1.98
(K2O-
2.38)
0.537
(MgO-
0.891)
2.33 0.411 23 17
F-140 29.78
22.95
1.46 0.312
(P2O5-
1.96
(K2O-
0.540
(MgO-
2.37 0.433 22 15
Nutrient contents of several batches of Maxies Agri compost
22.95
(w.w.b.)
(P2O5-
0.714)
(K2O-
2.38)
(MgO-
0.896)
F-147 28.78
22.35
(w.w.b.)
2.28 0.28
(P2O5-
0.64)
1.72
(K2O-
2.07)
0.56
(MgO-
0.94)
2.64 0.38 26.30 11.53
F-168 30.37 2.73 0.89
(P2O5-
2.03)
2.13
(K2O
2.73)
0.77
(MgO-
1.27)
4.14 0.52 24.83 9.09
F-193 35.89 2.41 0.742
(P2O5-
1.69)
2.11
(K2O-
2.54)
0.646
(MgO-
1.07)
3.65 0.408 35.25 14.60
3/3/2012 11www.maxies.lk
Micronutrient contents of Maxies Agri
compost
SPN
lab
No.
Sample type Fe Mn Cu Zn Pb Ni
F-
334
Fresh broiler
litter
0.22 0.04 0.008 0.003 0.004 0.007
334 litter
F141 Compost 0.740 0.048 0.033 0.046 0.0007 0.001
3/3/2012 12www.maxies.lk
What is value addition to compost
During composting-
Many growth promoting factors,
Antibiotics,
Antifungal compounds, Antifungal compounds,
Macro and microscopic organisms,
are formed
These are beneficial to the health and growth of
plants3/3/2012 13www.maxies.lk
Plant diseases
caused by plant pathogenic fungi that inhabit soil,
cause important losses
very aggressive &very aggressive &
spread very rapidly
and have detrimental effect on
crops of economic importance.
3/3/2012 14www.maxies.lk
In the nature; in the soil & decaying organic matter
many beneficial fungi are present in small numbers.
They
• Colonize the rhyzosphere of plants
• Control plant pathogenic fungi by
various type of mechanisms
• Can compete for nutrient
• Improve the plant health
• Stimulate root growth
These fungi can be used as bio-controlling agent to
control soil-born phytopathogenic fungi of crops if
applied in enough quantities.
3/3/2012 15www.maxies.lk
Species of Trichoderma sp. are such fungi
Found free living in soil & root ecosystems
they induce growth,
control survival or infections caused by
pathogens by different mechanisms such
as;
• Competition
• Antibiosis
• Mycoparasitism
• Hypal interaction
• Enzyme secretion
3/3/2012 16www.maxies.lk
During maturation stage,
Trichoderma viride is incorporated in to
Maxies Agri compost this is value
addition
Therefore, Maxies Agri compost provides enough
inocula to the soil for the expected benefits inocula to the soil for the expected benefits
Trichoderma viride isolates that have
mycoparasitic or characteristics of
controlling the growth of other fungi like
Fusarium sp. (colony at the top of the plate)
isolated from onion root disease) were tested.
Note the fast growing Trichoderma viride
isolate (green colony) controlling the spread
of Fusarium sp. (on top of the agar plate)
Fusarium sp. isolated from root rot of onion
3/3/2012 17www.maxies.lk
One of the sources of Trichoderma
viride isolate - from decaying wood
from local source
Pure culture of Trichoderma viride
isolated from the above sourceisolated from the above source
3/3/2012 18www.maxies.lk
Simple bio-assay to prove that Maxies Agri
compost is a complete fertilizer
50% 25% 0%
First harvest from 2 plants
Compost & Sand mixture
• No deficiency syndrome during growth in 25% & 50% pots.
•Complete fertilizer ; contains all macro & micro-nutrients necessary for chilies
3/3/2012 19www.maxies.lk
CRI recommended fertilizer rates for Coconut plants with Maxies Agri Compost
Per plant/year
Application of 100% Maxies Agri Compost
Maxies Agri Compost = 26-28kg
MOP = 1000g
Application of 50% Maxies Agri CompostApplication of 50% Maxies Agri Compost
Maxies Agri compost = 13-14kg
Urea = 400g
ERP = 450g
MOP = 1350g
Dolamite = 500g3/3/2012 20www.maxies.lk
Application rates for revitalization of a coconut
plantation (Poor & unfertilized land)
Maxies Agri compost = 19.5kg
Urea = 600g
ERP = 675gERP = 675g
MOP = 2000g
Dolamite = 750g
3/3/2012 21www.maxies.lk
Growth rates of coconut seedling with Maxies Agri Compost
Planted in an area where soil characteristics comes under CRI
Soil category 3
Just transplanted
(18.12.2009) Four months old
(28.04.2010)
Two years & two months old
(06.02.2012)
3/3/2012 22www.maxies.lk
3/3/2012 24www.maxies.lkView of a part of the coconut plantation shown in the previous slide (24 months old)
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 25
Crown of a coconut plant at Mangala Eliya ; this plant has been applied
with Maxies Agri compost for 3 consecutive years
Adequacy of macronutrient content in Maxies Agri
compost
A simple experiment
With different combinations of Maxies Agri compost
and coir dust. Green chilies, Capsicum annum was
employed as the bio indicator.
Combination of Percentage by volume
substratesA B C D
Maxies Agri
compost
10 20 30 40
Coir dust 90 80 70 60
3/3/2012 26www.maxies.lk
%10 compost
Yellowing of leaves showing
20% compost
No deficiency syndrome
30% compost
No deficiency syndrome
shown
A B C
Yellowing of leaves showing
deficiency syndrome
No deficiency syndrome
Note: No flowers shown
Note: Signs of flowering
40% compost
No deficiency syndrome, many leaves
Note: No flowers, signs of too much
of nitrogen
The best combination is 30% Maxies Agri
compost and 70% coir dust
3/3/2012 27www.maxies.lk
D
Comparison of growth performance with other compost
Using 30% Maxies Agri compost application rate with coir dust, a comparative
study was done with another compost.
Compost type Compost Coir dust
Maxies Agri compost 30% 70%
Another compost type 30% 70%
30% Maxies Agri compost and 70% coir dust
Note: Rapid growth of Chili plant in pot
where Maxies Agri compost is used.
3/3/2012 28www.maxies.lk
Application of compost in agriculture:
Paddy cultivation: trial 1Site : Daraluwa; Season : Yala; Period: April-August 2011; soil type – Sandy
Application rate -4000kg/acre
Application of Trichoderma viride: 5 liters of spore suspension per hectare
5 liters used for dipping seedling for 30min.
Harvest after 105 days
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 29
Paddy yield ( kg/hectare)
100%
Compost
fertilizer
50%
Compost
fertilizer
100%
Chemical
fertilizer
4840 5428 1601
Paddy cultivation trial 2
Site : Bujjampola ; Soil type : clay , fertile
Other conditions – as in the paddy site 1
Observed 100% 50% 100%
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 30
attributes Compost Compost Chemical
fertilizer
No. of tillers per
seedling
20.0 13.6 5.3
No. of roots per
seedling
704 504 272
Paddy yield ( kg/hectare)
100%
Compost
fertilizer
50%
Compost
fertilizer
100%
Chemical
fertilizer
9118 8004 4052
Harvest of paddy cultivation trial 2
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 31
Application of compost to the
soil before ploughing
Ploughing is done using a tractor to mix
the compost
Application of Maxies Agri compost &
Trichoderma viride in Gotukola, Centella
asiatica.L to control root nematoda infection
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 33
This research was done by Mrs. B.V.T.Shamalie, Provincial Agriculture assistant
director , Western Province ,as part of fulfillment of her Masters degree in 2009
Root Knot Nematodes……
� Microscopic worms
� Intense damage in warmer area
� Root galls interrupt water and nutrient uptake
� Reduce size of root system
� Above ground damages - stunting � Above ground damages - stunting
Yellowing
Wilting
� Root attacked by RKN prone to secondary infections
� Reduce yield quality, quantity and input wastage
Compost
3/3/2012 34www.maxies.lk
�Location
RKN Infected field – Manuwangama
(Chilaw)
�Agro ecological Zone - IL 1a
�Average annual Rain fall – 1100 -1400mm
�Soil type - RBE
�Average Temperature- 30 -320c
3/3/2012 35www.maxies.lk
� Design - RCBD with 3 replicates
Plot Size - 4 m2 (2m x2m)
Planting Space - 20 cm x 20 cm
Date of crop establish - 12th Dec. 2010
3/3/2012 www.maxies.lk 36
Date of crop establish - 12th Dec. 2010
Date of harvested - 1st March 2011
� Variety - Bush type
TreatmentsTreatments Description
T1 Trichoderma + Maxies Agri Compost
T2 Trichoderma + Poultry manure
T3 Trichoderma + Inorganic fertilizer
T4 Trichoderma
T5 Cutator + Maxies Agri Compost
T6 Curator + Poultry manure
T7 Curator + Inorganic fertilizer
T8 Cutator
T9 Compost (from another source without Trichoderma)
T10 Poultry manure
T11 Inorganic fertilizer
T12 Non Treated- control3/3/2012 37www.maxies.lk
Treatments Number of Leaves Leaf length
Trichoderma + Maxies Agri
compost
12.89 a 4.325 a
Trichoderma incorporated Maxies Agri compost
had significant difference with regards to
number of leaves and leaf length
Trichoderma + poultry 10.55 b 3.95 b
Trichoderma + Inorganic
fertilizer
8.01 c 3.6 b
P>F .0001 .0002
In a column means followed by the same letter are not
significant at p = 0.053/3/2012 39www.maxies.lk
Growth differences at same stage
Inorganic
Maxies Agri
compost
& Trichoderma
Curator + inorganic
fertilizer
Inorganic
fertilizer
3/3/2012 40www.maxies.lk
Treatments Stalk length Root Length Number of
Roots
Trichoderma + Maxies Agri
compost
14.25 a 5.17 a 11.24a
Trichoderma + Poultry litter 11.55 b 2.85 b 5.23 b
Trichoderma + Inorganic fertilizers 8.24 c 2.53 b 4.56 b
Trichoderma incorporated Maxies Agri compost had significant
effect on stalk length, root length and number of roots.
Curator + Poultry litter 10.39 d 4.33 c 7.25 c
Curator + Inorganic fertilizer 12.24 d 3.89 c 7.36 c
Curator + Maxies Agri Compost 10.98 d 3.25 c 8.20 c
Non treated 11.78 d 2.60 d 5.20 d
Pr > F .002 .0001 .0001
In a column means followed by the same letter are
not significant at p = 0.053/3/2012 41www.maxies.lk
Treatments Root gall percentage
Trichoderma + Maxies Agri compost 12.07 a
Trichoderma + Poultry litter 24.24 b
Trichoderma + Inorganic fertilizers 33.71 c
Trichoderma incorporated Maxies Agri compost and Curator
incorporated poultry manure had significant reduction on root
gall percentage.
Trichoderma + Inorganic fertilizers 33.71 c
Curator + Poultry litter 15.67 d
Curator + Inorganic fertilizer 20.04 e
Curator + Maxies Agri Compost 22.74 e
Non treated 34.93 f
Pr > F .0001
In a column means followed by same letter are not
significant at p = 0.053/3/2012 42www.maxies.lk
Comparison of root gall formation
Maxies Agri compost + Trichoderma treatment Inorganic fertilizer + Curator treatment
3/3/2012 43www.maxies.lk
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Yie
ld K
g/m
2Variation of Top Fresh Weight
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Treatments
Yie
ld K
g/m
3/3/2012 44www.maxies.lk
Economic AnalysisTreatments Yield
MT/Ha
(1st Harvest)
Gross
Income
(Rs.)
Initial cost
(RS.)
Profit (Rs.)
Trichoderma +
Maxies Agri compost
15 375000 120000 255000
Trichoderma+ Poultry
litter
11.5 287500 90000 197500
Trichoderma+
Inorganic fertilizer
11 275000 75000 200000
Curator +
Maxies Agri Compost
8.3 207000 130250 66750
Curator + Poultry litter 8 200000 100250 99750
Curator +
Inorganic fertilizer
11.7 292500 35250 257250
Compost from another
source
7.5 187500 120000 67500
Poultry litter 7.4 185000 90000 95000
Ino.fertilizer 7.3 182500 25000 1575003/3/2012 45www.maxies.lk
� Trichoderma had better impact with regards to growth
parameters
Increase No.of leaves
Increase stalk length
Increase leaf length
Increase root length
Increase no. of roots
� Trichoderma had nematicidal effects on Gotukola
� Curator had nematicidal property on Gotukola
but...Environmental & health hazards
3/3/2012 46www.maxies.lk
�Trichoderma with Maxies Agri Compost significantly
increase the fresh weight of top harvests.
�With regards to first harvest, curator with inorganic
fertilizer and Trichoderma with Maxies Agri compostfertilizer and Trichoderma with Maxies Agri compost
had similar economical importance.
�Trichoderma enhances the beneficial effects with
organic matter rich media
3/3/2012 47www.maxies.lk
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