comparison of clean agent and sprinkler system performance on in-cabinet fires
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A Comparison of FPETool Predictions to Experimental Results: Comparison of Clean Agent and Sprinkler System Performance on In-Cabinet Fires: Mark L. Robin and Eric F. ForssellHughes Associates, Inc.andSteven T. GinnGreat Lakes Chemical Corporation
Presented at:2003 Halon Options Technical Working ConferenceSheraton Old TownAlbuquerque, New MexicoMay 13-15, 2003
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Introduction
Telco and EDP Facility Fire ProtectionClean agentsAutomatic sprinklersClean agent + Automatic sprinklerBest Protection?ObjectiveCompare performance of clean agent and automatic sprinkler systemsEmploy FPETool for design of test scenario
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Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Design objective is fire controlContain fire to room of originControl ceiling temperature to avoid structural damageFire extinguishment NOT primary objective
Fire size at system activation relatively highSprinkler systems employ thermal responseWater not released until temperature at fusible link or glass bulb in excess of 135 oF
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Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Design Objectives
In general terms of property protection, sprinkler systems are typically designed to acheive fire control...
Fire control can be described as limiting the fire size by decreasing the rate of heat release and pre-wetting adjacent combustibles, while maintaining ceiling gas temperatures so as to avoid structural damage
NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th Edition, p. 10-193.
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Time HeatRelease RateFire Controlsprinkler activation
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Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Standard Preaction SystemSystem piping charged with air under pressureSystem equipped with a supplemental detection systemWater held back by a preaction valveOperation of the supplemental detection system allows the preaction valve to open, admitting water into the pipe network (sprinkler still closed)Water discharged from pipe network when fire has generated sufficient heat to activate one or more sprinklers
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ValveWater supplyControl panelDetectorSprinkler head Operation of detector trips valveWater delivered when head T=T rating
Preaction System
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Clean Agent Suppression Systems:Primary Advantages Ability to extinguish shielded, obstructed or three-dimensional fires in complex geometriesClean agents are gasesUniform distribution throughout an enclosureAbility, through the use of detection, to extinguish fires at a very early stageExtinguishment well before direct or indirect fire/smoke damage occursCause no collateral damage due to agent dischargeAre cleanNo residues
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HeatRelease RateTimeFire Control (Sprinklers)Fire extinguishment (clean agent)Clean Agent Systems: Design Objective = Fire ExtinguishmentFire Control vs. Fire Extinguishment
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Time HeatRelease Ratesprinkler activation clean agentsystem activationdetectionFIRE CONTROLFIRE EXTINGUISHMENTClean Agent System vs. Sprinkler System (Fire Extinguishment vs. Fire Control)
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Comparison of Sprinkler and Clean Agent Systems
Sprinkler Systems
Clean Agent System
Suppression agent
Water
Gas
Design Objective
Fire Control:
Confine fire
Control ceiling T
Fire Extinguishment
Design Objective
Protect structure
Protect contents of structure
Activation
Sprinkler head T ( 135 oF
Automatic activation following detection (air sampling, smoke detectors)
Fire size at activation
Can be 100's of kW
Low as 0.1 kW with air aspirating detection system
Total Flooding
No. Water not three dimensional, will not fill entire enclosure
Yes. Agent distributed uniformly throughout enclosure
Cleanliness
No. Water damage, smoke damage
Yes. No residues to clean up following extinguishment
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Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems FM-200 SystemDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 2001
Preaction Sprinkler SystemDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 13
Detection/Alarm SystemsDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 72
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Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Facility32.8 x 32.8 x 12 foot enclosure1.5 ft deep subfloor; suspended ceiling 2 ft below drywall ceiling1/2 gypsum board over metal stud constructionEnclosure access via two doorsEight polycarbonate windowsMotorized damper system in ceiling for post-test exhaust
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Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems FM-200 TestsSubfloor covered in plastic to prevent leakage of agent into subfloorSprinkler TestPlastic formed into dike to contain water and facilitate removal of water after testingAll TestsArea 20 x 26 ft covered with floor tilesCabinet containing fire array and various articles of furniturearranged on floor tiles
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20 ft
North
32 ft 10 in
26 ft
32 ft 10 in
Four Drawer
IBM Cabinet
Smaller Cabinet
File Cabinet
Cabinet Containing Fuel Array
Tables
Window
Exhaust Vent (in Ceiling)
Figure 1 Chamber Schematic.
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Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Test FireEight sheets of 8 x 16 x 0.375 inch ABSVertically arranged in two rows of four sheetsMounted on all-thread rods in unistrut standFire array placed in a equipment cabinet Ignition: 3 mL heptane in 2 inch square pan
Similar to plastic sheet fire test of UL 2166, UL 2127
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Fuel Array
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Heat Release Rate for In-Cabinet Fire
Chart2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Sheet1
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
12.8562374033
23.1515045124
33.2374825236
43.1129462777
52.9217980141
62.5551182018
72.5163221693
82.5090487296
91.9734973043
101.8874723969
111.8717914495
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243.6258601339
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263.5051739536
273.7966831909
283.7876605077
293.4848122907
303.4822881382
313.7928272741
323.4927257692
333.7832857623
343.758218463
353.7832857623
363.7705975852
374.1040970733
384.033146184
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HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
HRR, kW
Sheet2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Sheet3
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
101.8874723969
202.2567727316
303.4822881382
404.0319855339
507.6232991405
6011.3514350493
709.5613842025
8012.803429768
9018.0048172485
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11030.8652359667
12040.9795198188
13059.6006051108
14075.6507765666
15088.4542183429
16098.2084531741
170117.2290200464
180135.0329967862
190149.4544895751
200170.6215215335
210180.2787344948
211181.3741815413
220188.1455358403
230202.9060919603
240211.8840912892
250199.8888785586
260201.578670195
270206.7306931632
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370397.4884439403
380429.1685749631
390437.9426464892
400436.5791316777
410466.2930793394
420453.3373086447
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT
timecalcexpcalc
07070
1073.670.2
2073.170.3
3074.170.5
407570.7
5077.671
6079.871.5
7080.372
8088.172.6
9091.973.6
10096.174.8
110101.776.3
120107.878.2
130117.380.6
140127.783.7
150136.987.4
160146.291.6
170157.596.4
180169.5101.8
190182.1108
200195.2114.9
210206.6122.4
220217.7130.2
230229.3138.5
240241.1147.1
-
Comparison of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Smoke Detection Systems (FM-200 System)Fenwal AnaLASER IIAir-sampling system, designed and installed by distributor1 inch PVC tubing main, 0.75 inch PVC branch linesFlow rate through system 0.0624 ft3/s0.061% obscuration per foot alarm thresholdNine sampling holes, 11 ft spacingsExceeds NFPA 72 requirementsBased on FM Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-32 on Electronic Data Processing Systems
-
Comparison of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Smoke Detection Systems (FM-200 and Sprinkler)Simplex 4098 series True Alarm detectorsIonization and photoelectricIonization: 1.3% obscuration/ftPhotoelectric: 2.5% obscuration/ftLocated at three air sampling points nearest fire location
-
FM-200 Suppression System
Designed in accordance with NFPA 20017% by volume FM-200Discharge time: 9.5 secondsHygood Ltd cylinderHygood Ltd 8-port aluminum nozzleorifice area 1.57 in2System design via Hygood Ltds design software30 s delay employed from detection to system activationMaximum delay time allowed under recommendations of FM Global Property Loss Prevention Sheet 5-14 on Telecommunication Facilities
-
Preaction Sprinkler System
Designed in accordance with NFPA 13Design and installation based on Ordinary Hazard Class INine sprinkler heads in main spaceNine sprinkler heads above suspended ceiling11 ft spacing for area coverage of 121 ft2Maximum spacing allowed under NFPA 13 is 15 ftRecessed pendant standard response glass bulb sprinklersTemperature rating 155 oFApplication density of 0.15 gpm/ft2 required
-
Preaction Sprinkler System
Water supplyNFPA 13 requires water supply to be adequate to supply all sprinklers within the design area for a minimum of 60 minutes18.2 gpm/head x 18 heads x 60 min = 19,600 gallons water
Test facility unable to handle this quantity of water
Water supply designed to supply the two sprinklers nearest the fire location for a period of 30 minutes at the required design flow rate of 18.2 gpm (application density 0.15 gpm/ft2)
-
Enclosure Instrumentation
Four thermocouple trees (Type K)Optical densityO2, CO, CO2FTIR: FM-200 and HF concentrationsEnclosure pressureNozzle pressureIR camera
-
Test Procedure
Data acquisition commenced with ignition of heptane below the ABS plastic arrayRoom remained sealed during entire testFM-200 system system activated 30 s after AnaLASER II smoke detection system went into alarmDuring preaction sprinkler system test, water supply pump started prior to start of data acquisition
-
Input for FPETool Simulations
Input Parameter
Minimum Oxygen Level
21 oC
600 oC
10.0
2.0
Heat Transfer Factor
Radiant fraction
Max energy loss internal
0.35
0.90
Sprinkler, NE location
Distance from center of fire (ft)
RTI (ft s)1/2
Activation temperature, oF
10.6
144
155
Sprinkler, N location
Distance from center of fire (ft)
RTI (ft s)1/2
Activation temperature, oF
11.3
144
155
-
Input for FPETool Simulations
Input Parameter
Room dimensions
Ceiling height (ft)
Length (ft)
Width (ft)
8.0
32.8
32.8
Ceiling Material
Thickness (in)
Thermal conductivity (kW/mK)
Density (kg/m3)
Specific heat (KJ/kg K)
Glass fiber
0.5
0.00037
60
0.8
Ceiling Material
Thickness (in)
Thermal conductivity (kW/mK)
Density (kg/m3)
Specific heat (KJ/kg K)
Gypsum board
0.5
0.00017
960
1.1
-
Heat Release Rate Required for Sprinkler Activation
InputExperimental HRRLocation of fireEnclosure dimensionsLocation of sprinkler headsProperties of sprinkler headsPredict activation of NE sprinkler head at 249 secondsCeiling jet temperature 249 oFFire size approximately 210 kW
-
Smoke Detector Activation Time
InputExperimental HRRLocation of fireEnclosure dimensionsLocation of smoke detectorFPETool: default activation temperature of 23 oF above initial TPredict activation of NE smoke detector at 95 secondsCeiling jet temperature 93 oFFire size approximately 15 kW
-
Results: FM-200 System
AnaLASER II alarmed at 78 seconds from ignitionFM-200 system activated at 108 seconds from ignitionFire extinguished at 125 seconds from ignition7 seconds from end of system dischargeMaximum ceiling T of 85 oF observedFire damageslight scorching of inside of test cabinetNon-fire damageseveral ceiling tiles displacedceiling runner slightly bent
-
detectionsystem activationextinguishmentExtinguishment of In-Cabinet Fire by FM-200
Chart2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Sheet1
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
12.8562374033
23.1515045124
33.2374825236
43.1129462777
52.9217980141
62.5551182018
72.5163221693
82.5090487296
91.9734973043
101.8874723969
111.8717914495
122.236033734
132.3998250551
142.4337365263
152.1536230124
162.1851202203
172.1907452271
182.5252913821
191.9424719804
202.2567727316
212.8684734163
222.7559382623
233.3462149638
243.6258601339
253.6215311016
263.5051739536
273.7966831909
283.7876605077
293.4848122907
303.4822881382
313.7928272741
323.4927257692
333.7832857623
343.758218463
353.7832857623
363.7705975852
374.1040970733
384.033146184
393.7107242045
404.0319855339
414.6531897917
424.2286542632
434.557930736
444.8222183274
455.349711063
465.5940658395
476.1516302819
486.7797276259
497.0346236596
507.6232991405
518.1610673829
528.1789991724
539.0003309532
549.5441015989
559.6791003551
5610.2330551556
5710.7944739778
5811.0159438958
5911.0762064065
6011.3514350493
6111.6523770293
6211.3541734305
6311.6168450854
6411.5763614231
6511.2449430948
6610.6852574769
6710.3810645552
6810.4660063417
699.8848461855
709.5613842025
7110.1804830374
7210.5388272147
7311.4538846464
7411.7813947362
7511.9113852774
7612.3606471544
7712.9505841124
7813.1878083206
7912.6834706582
8012.803429768
8113.4830465722
8214.0237069012
8314.5371163095
8414.9997186844
8515.3973537179
8616.0221596336
8716.7378728485
8817.2179953811
8917.2028296074
9018.0048172485
9118.4846178194
9218.7144675199
9319.1228213451
9419.392554842
9520.0558703168
9620.0843423239
9720.7763302827
9821.791721929
9922.7340101972
10023.876248744
10125.2003910668
10226.0501519533
10327.4762878333
10428.5359976196
10529.3067520145
10629.2013410973
10729.753589241
10830.4166206429
10930.3134291391
11030.8652359667
11131.690428808
11233.0328831528
11333.9550775737
11435.2883500102
11536.293451522
11637.7001176436
11738.8280260608
11839.7107094351
11939.6005573641
12040.9795198188
12142.2433721697
12243.4797362521
12345.6450789522
12447.4997558877
12549.4373667652
12651.8789175687
12754.8862235001
12856.8715211237
12958.1980594639
13059.6006051108
13161.7859817603
13263.9067241513
13365.4347450949
13466.2572152079
13567.3288600001
13669.5421093205
13771.1639020077
13872.8122199842
13972.9970272167
14075.6507765666
14178.4764354337
14281.3579525557
14383.0929102364
14485.4279833285
14586.4657790503
14688.3019501931
14788.0899714721
14888.2099397284
14988.4486355623
15088.4542183429
15188.8320924294
15289.9513783584
15391.3120553906
15492.8252226091
15595.040072654
15695.5859558686
15796.7978282168
15897.5267393564
15997.294524733
16098.2084531741
161100.1799414302
162100.7509176195
163102.0330869285
164103.7613526595
165105.2453958205
166107.7666749663
167111.4606289754
168113.0481682658
169114.2636742805
170117.2290200464
171118.6551316049
172120.9387860787
173121.5414399379
174121.0618206928
175123.0736059509
176126.1056404001
177126.9036134548
178130.4294661473
179131.6513717248
180135.0329967862
181138.4252953154
182137.9420761325
183138.7732428168
184140.8488486827
185141.5430145758
186142.3742435404
187143.7442604389
188144.6780323385
189147.63606633
190149.4544895751
191151.0712452013
192154.2854812129
193157.8302634718
194159.5484548623
195161.0069486225
196163.0800332243
197165.7005537865
198167.4541348737
199169.0440347854
200170.6215215335
201173.5837154521
202175.5492622784
203174.1261935044
204174.7582280616
205176.688624058
206176.9325403645
207177.496828913
208178.729456251
209178.1607068922
210180.2787344948
211181.3741815413
212182.3223644426
213180.270937167
214183.7840667841
215185.1981263978
216184.4350875515
217186.4714079829
218185.3559779473
219183.6406764184
220188.1455358403
221190.267699814
222189.3532030589
223192.9921924101
224192.0103760391
225195.9764638056
226201.0091508763
227204.5251530037
228202.0199041001
229202.2286091003
230202.9060919603
231208.4383918562
232207.7478538736
233205.628838301
234202.7409851587
235205.4245144997
236208.5250787808
237211.9147559021
238209.061558501
239209.4952784402
240211.8840912892
241215.1086384005
242215.9397341261
243217.3407736213
244212.60257161
245212.0976057998
246212.2936834271
247211.8462679445
248209.2825271723
249204.3936992211
250199.8888785586
251202.4943917333
252201.9726320308
253202.7041528616
254201.8987374795
255199.8772587123
256199.5307064618
257201.5362705974
258202.1195828632
259202.9009615178
260201.578670195
261203.9675886372
262204.9020541176
263207.0376327133
264207.5906858698
265205.8443486737
266207.2323655213
267207.1845796081
268204.4413805306
269205.9008947817
270206.7306931632
271206.9443624723
272208.615803559
273207.9579210374
274208.524713371
275209.666673419
276209.8782727934
277211.1551495445
278211.2923350544
279209.8806755252
280210.2535277959
281209.2295730754
282210.4382153543
283207.8690931045
284208.5902959699
285211.4574363359
286216.7164659292
287219.6678439048
288221.0354019675
289223.5319131611
290226.9854158025
291229.3010277647
292226.1400398342
293223.2180743487
294225.8066443733
295230.2189455485
296234.6089518316
297237.4640721446
298242.194381358
299247.8132275637
300251.5579607451
301251.6504935836
302253.9174296918
303254.7936416395
304259.4974146707
305260.1524110912
306265.5052930361
307267.0188772656
308272.8050946875
309273.6899131348
310273.0767644147
311269.9753367417
312268.6048610016
313269.1596696318
314271.4784379057
315274.7918860471
316277.5370936852
317282.1678282182
318288.8280158772
319294.3754262454
320295.1182682911
321301.0491874369
322304.0078031543
323306.5627209366
324310.0448785257
325312.4562040103
326317.2306930544
327321.3565627302
328323.2516480481
329321.6094589044
330328.1578227002
331334.0419348483
332336.021679137
333337.6619648125
334340.6504360495
335339.6357459694
336344.4821283337
337344.1012479882
338343.1565488259
339345.6208605625
340344.7684001395
341347.1284224741
342349.579917901
343351.3154164292
344351.3518501877
345355.0456792035
346353.2735767792
347355.4986906445
348354.2347581214
349352.180955501
350349.5301816398
351351.3832531758
352350.183906381
353354.3614196131
354355.2895783074
355352.0498827005
356354.6294715055
357353.9126340917
358352.4028766883
359352.5753269711
360356.4140343448
361357.0914065097
362360.5654574497
363364.1041510763
364373.7414908986
365382.4664886329
366386.1281553648
367386.1558536164
368389.7092162157
369395.1505902465
370397.4884439403
371397.2036755807
372397.4619107263
373398.5977098057
374400.8246645418
375407.2937285943
376411.8201600954
377414.3495826147
378419.8372749301
379424.6919835878
380429.1685749631
381436.7208847792
382440.0527813033
383444.0446676258
384446.0899966049
385445.2766189368
386447.8630978723
387449.1965031952
388446.0878825616
389439.8715765851
390437.9426464892
391432.9109395384
392428.7102724933
393425.1317808269
394425.1244663072
395421.4053509559
396426.3794975253
397426.5732558504
398429.7829812717
399435.1156493155
400436.5791316777
401435.7161641214
402442.7955458206
403442.6586691411
404449.2194113376
405456.8565879183
406457.5057290101
407459.5600097936
408462.5833915862
409465.1594361593
410466.2930793394
411457.9850423836
412452.1511167084
413453.3985126074
414454.0553868271
415456.5058886126
416452.7154391854
417450.8210755744
418456.9210030368
419457.9652748441
420453.3373086447
Sheet1
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
HRR, kW
Sheet2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Sheet3
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
101.8874723969
202.2567727316
303.4822881382
404.0319855339
507.6232991405
6011.3514350493
709.5613842025
8012.803429768
9018.0048172485
10023.876248744
11030.8652359667
12040.9795198188
13059.6006051108
14075.6507765666
15088.4542183429
16098.2084531741
170117.2290200464
180135.0329967862
190149.4544895751
200170.6215215335
210180.2787344948
211181.3741815413
220188.1455358403
230202.9060919603
240211.8840912892
250199.8888785586
260201.578670195
270206.7306931632
280210.2535277959
290226.9854158025
300251.5579607451
310273.0767644147
320295.1182682911
330328.1578227002
340344.7684001395
350349.5301816398
360356.4140343448
370397.4884439403
380429.1685749631
390437.9426464892
400436.5791316777
410466.2930793394
420453.3373086447
Sheet3
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT
timecalcexpcalc
07070
1073.670.2
2073.170.3
3074.170.5
407570.7
5077.671
6079.871.5
7080.372
8088.172.6
9091.973.6
10096.174.8
110101.776.3
120107.878.2
130117.380.6
140127.783.7
150136.987.4
160146.291.6
170157.596.4
180169.5101.8
190182.1108
200195.2114.9
210206.6122.4
220217.7130.2
230229.3138.5
240241.1147.1
-
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Photoelectric detector in NE corner in full alarm at 94 seconds from ignitionIonization detector in NE corner in full alarm at 112 seconds from ignition (FPETool: 95 s)Complete obscuration due to smoke at approximately 240 seconds from ignition
-
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Sprinkler head in NE corner actuated at 273 seconds from ignition (FPETool: 249 s)Sprinkler head in N corner actuated at 347 seconds from ignitionFire not extinguished by sprinkler systemIR camera shows fire burning through entirety of testFire contained to source cabinetMax ceiling temperature of 560 oF observed at thermocouple tree nearest fire
-
detectionsystem activationControl of In-Cabinet Fire with Preaction System
Chart2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Sheet1
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
12.8562374033
23.1515045124
33.2374825236
43.1129462777
52.9217980141
62.5551182018
72.5163221693
82.5090487296
91.9734973043
101.8874723969
111.8717914495
122.236033734
132.3998250551
142.4337365263
152.1536230124
162.1851202203
172.1907452271
182.5252913821
191.9424719804
202.2567727316
212.8684734163
222.7559382623
233.3462149638
243.6258601339
253.6215311016
263.5051739536
273.7966831909
283.7876605077
293.4848122907
303.4822881382
313.7928272741
323.4927257692
333.7832857623
343.758218463
353.7832857623
363.7705975852
374.1040970733
384.033146184
393.7107242045
404.0319855339
414.6531897917
424.2286542632
434.557930736
444.8222183274
455.349711063
465.5940658395
476.1516302819
486.7797276259
497.0346236596
507.6232991405
518.1610673829
528.1789991724
539.0003309532
549.5441015989
559.6791003551
5610.2330551556
5710.7944739778
5811.0159438958
5911.0762064065
6011.3514350493
6111.6523770293
6211.3541734305
6311.6168450854
6411.5763614231
6511.2449430948
6610.6852574769
6710.3810645552
6810.4660063417
699.8848461855
709.5613842025
7110.1804830374
7210.5388272147
7311.4538846464
7411.7813947362
7511.9113852774
7612.3606471544
7712.9505841124
7813.1878083206
7912.6834706582
8012.803429768
8113.4830465722
8214.0237069012
8314.5371163095
8414.9997186844
8515.3973537179
8616.0221596336
8716.7378728485
8817.2179953811
8917.2028296074
9018.0048172485
9118.4846178194
9218.7144675199
9319.1228213451
9419.392554842
9520.0558703168
9620.0843423239
9720.7763302827
9821.791721929
9922.7340101972
10023.876248744
10125.2003910668
10226.0501519533
10327.4762878333
10428.5359976196
10529.3067520145
10629.2013410973
10729.753589241
10830.4166206429
10930.3134291391
11030.8652359667
11131.690428808
11233.0328831528
11333.9550775737
11435.2883500102
11536.293451522
11637.7001176436
11738.8280260608
11839.7107094351
11939.6005573641
12040.9795198188
12142.2433721697
12243.4797362521
12345.6450789522
12447.4997558877
12549.4373667652
12651.8789175687
12754.8862235001
12856.8715211237
12958.1980594639
13059.6006051108
13161.7859817603
13263.9067241513
13365.4347450949
13466.2572152079
13567.3288600001
13669.5421093205
13771.1639020077
13872.8122199842
13972.9970272167
14075.6507765666
14178.4764354337
14281.3579525557
14383.0929102364
14485.4279833285
14586.4657790503
14688.3019501931
14788.0899714721
14888.2099397284
14988.4486355623
15088.4542183429
15188.8320924294
15289.9513783584
15391.3120553906
15492.8252226091
15595.040072654
15695.5859558686
15796.7978282168
15897.5267393564
15997.294524733
16098.2084531741
161100.1799414302
162100.7509176195
163102.0330869285
164103.7613526595
165105.2453958205
166107.7666749663
167111.4606289754
168113.0481682658
169114.2636742805
170117.2290200464
171118.6551316049
172120.9387860787
173121.5414399379
174121.0618206928
175123.0736059509
176126.1056404001
177126.9036134548
178130.4294661473
179131.6513717248
180135.0329967862
181138.4252953154
182137.9420761325
183138.7732428168
184140.8488486827
185141.5430145758
186142.3742435404
187143.7442604389
188144.6780323385
189147.63606633
190149.4544895751
191151.0712452013
192154.2854812129
193157.8302634718
194159.5484548623
195161.0069486225
196163.0800332243
197165.7005537865
198167.4541348737
199169.0440347854
200170.6215215335
201173.5837154521
202175.5492622784
203174.1261935044
204174.7582280616
205176.688624058
206176.9325403645
207177.496828913
208178.729456251
209178.1607068922
210180.2787344948
211181.3741815413
212182.3223644426
213180.270937167
214183.7840667841
215185.1981263978
216184.4350875515
217186.4714079829
218185.3559779473
219183.6406764184
220188.1455358403
221190.267699814
222189.3532030589
223192.9921924101
224192.0103760391
225195.9764638056
226201.0091508763
227204.5251530037
228202.0199041001
229202.2286091003
230202.9060919603
231208.4383918562
232207.7478538736
233205.628838301
234202.7409851587
235205.4245144997
236208.5250787808
237211.9147559021
238209.061558501
239209.4952784402
240211.8840912892
241215.1086384005
242215.9397341261
243217.3407736213
244212.60257161
245212.0976057998
246212.2936834271
247211.8462679445
248209.2825271723
249204.3936992211
250199.8888785586
251202.4943917333
252201.9726320308
253202.7041528616
254201.8987374795
255199.8772587123
256199.5307064618
257201.5362705974
258202.1195828632
259202.9009615178
260201.578670195
261203.9675886372
262204.9020541176
263207.0376327133
264207.5906858698
265205.8443486737
266207.2323655213
267207.1845796081
268204.4413805306
269205.9008947817
270206.7306931632
271206.9443624723
272208.615803559
273207.9579210374
274208.524713371
275209.666673419
276209.8782727934
277211.1551495445
278211.2923350544
279209.8806755252
280210.2535277959
281209.2295730754
282210.4382153543
283207.8690931045
284208.5902959699
285211.4574363359
286216.7164659292
287219.6678439048
288221.0354019675
289223.5319131611
290226.9854158025
291229.3010277647
292226.1400398342
293223.2180743487
294225.8066443733
295230.2189455485
296234.6089518316
297237.4640721446
298242.194381358
299247.8132275637
300251.5579607451
301251.6504935836
302253.9174296918
303254.7936416395
304259.4974146707
305260.1524110912
306265.5052930361
307267.0188772656
308272.8050946875
309273.6899131348
310273.0767644147
311269.9753367417
312268.6048610016
313269.1596696318
314271.4784379057
315274.7918860471
316277.5370936852
317282.1678282182
318288.8280158772
319294.3754262454
320295.1182682911
321301.0491874369
322304.0078031543
323306.5627209366
324310.0448785257
325312.4562040103
326317.2306930544
327321.3565627302
328323.2516480481
329321.6094589044
330328.1578227002
331334.0419348483
332336.021679137
333337.6619648125
334340.6504360495
335339.6357459694
336344.4821283337
337344.1012479882
338343.1565488259
339345.6208605625
340344.7684001395
341347.1284224741
342349.579917901
343351.3154164292
344351.3518501877
345355.0456792035
346353.2735767792
347355.4986906445
348354.2347581214
349352.180955501
350349.5301816398
351351.3832531758
352350.183906381
353354.3614196131
354355.2895783074
355352.0498827005
356354.6294715055
357353.9126340917
358352.4028766883
359352.5753269711
360356.4140343448
361357.0914065097
362360.5654574497
363364.1041510763
364373.7414908986
365382.4664886329
366386.1281553648
367386.1558536164
368389.7092162157
369395.1505902465
370397.4884439403
371397.2036755807
372397.4619107263
373398.5977098057
374400.8246645418
375407.2937285943
376411.8201600954
377414.3495826147
378419.8372749301
379424.6919835878
380429.1685749631
381436.7208847792
382440.0527813033
383444.0446676258
384446.0899966049
385445.2766189368
386447.8630978723
387449.1965031952
388446.0878825616
389439.8715765851
390437.9426464892
391432.9109395384
392428.7102724933
393425.1317808269
394425.1244663072
395421.4053509559
396426.3794975253
397426.5732558504
398429.7829812717
399435.1156493155
400436.5791316777
401435.7161641214
402442.7955458206
403442.6586691411
404449.2194113376
405456.8565879183
406457.5057290101
407459.5600097936
408462.5833915862
409465.1594361593
410466.2930793394
411457.9850423836
412452.1511167084
413453.3985126074
414454.0553868271
415456.5058886126
416452.7154391854
417450.8210755744
418456.9210030368
419457.9652748441
420453.3373086447
Sheet1
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
HRR, kW
Sheet2
2.5573776999
1.8874723969
2.2567727316
3.4822881382
4.0319855339
7.6232991405
11.3514350493
9.5613842025
12.803429768
18.0048172485
23.876248744
30.8652359667
40.9795198188
59.6006051108
75.6507765666
88.4542183429
98.2084531741
117.2290200464
135.0329967862
149.4544895751
170.6215215335
180.2787344948
181.3741815413
188.1455358403
202.9060919603
211.8840912892
199.8888785586
201.578670195
206.7306931632
210.2535277959
226.9854158025
251.5579607451
273.0767644147
295.1182682911
328.1578227002
344.7684001395
349.5301816398
356.4140343448
397.4884439403
429.1685749631
437.9426464892
436.5791316777
466.2930793394
453.3373086447
HRR (kW)
Sheet3
tHRR (kW)
02.5573776999
101.8874723969
202.2567727316
303.4822881382
404.0319855339
507.6232991405
6011.3514350493
709.5613842025
8012.803429768
9018.0048172485
10023.876248744
11030.8652359667
12040.9795198188
13059.6006051108
14075.6507765666
15088.4542183429
16098.2084531741
170117.2290200464
180135.0329967862
190149.4544895751
200170.6215215335
210180.2787344948
211181.3741815413
220188.1455358403
230202.9060919603
240211.8840912892
250199.8888785586
260201.578670195
270206.7306931632
280210.2535277959
290226.9854158025
300251.5579607451
310273.0767644147
320295.1182682911
330328.1578227002
340344.7684001395
350349.5301816398
360356.4140343448
370397.4884439403
380429.1685749631
390437.9426464892
400436.5791316777
410466.2930793394
420453.3373086447
Sheet3
HRR (kW)
Time, seconds
Heat Release, kW
Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT
timecalcexpcalc
07070
1073.670.2
2073.170.3
3074.170.5
407570.7
5077.671
6079.871.5
7080.372
8088.172.6
9091.973.6
10096.174.8
110101.776.3
120107.878.2
130117.380.6
140127.783.7
150136.987.4
160146.291.6
170157.596.4
180169.5101.8
190182.1108
200195.2114.9
210206.6122.4
220217.7130.2
230229.3138.5
240241.1147.1
-
Table 3. Sprinkler Activation Times
Sprinkler
Radial distance to fire, feet
Measured Activation
Time, seconds
Predicted Activation
Time, seconds
Measured Ceiling Jet T at bulb at activation
oF
Predicted Ceiling Jet T at bulb at activation,
oF
NE
10.6
278
249
288
249
N
11.3
352
253
276
250
-
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Fire DamageTest cabinet suffered extensive scorchingNon-Fire DamageBlack ring around entire enclosureCeiling tiles discoloredSoot particles scrubbed from smoke layer cover floor, horizontal surfacesWalls discolored from smoke damageWater damage to paper goods
-
Conclusions: System Performance
Preaction Sprinkler SystemDesign objective attained: Fire was controlled System performed exactly as expectedFire contained to room of originCeiling temperatures managed such that structural damage and/or collapse did not occurStructure savedFM-200 SystemDesign objective attained: Fire extinguishedSystem performed exactly as expectedContents of structure saved
-
Conclusions
Clean agent and preaction sprinkler systems vastly differentFundamental design objective different: Control vs ExtinguishmentPreaction systems best suited to protection of structureClean agent systems best suited to protection of contents of structureSprinkler systems alone inappropriate for protection of high value assetsClean agents not ideally suited for structural protectionFPETool useful for predicting performance of sprinkler system and estimation of ceiling jet temperatures, smoke detector activation and for test fire selection
-
Applications involving expensive, sensitive assetsUse of clean agents justifiedClean agents offer unparalled peformance for very early extinguishment of fires
Maximum fire protection provided by use of a clean agent system in combination with a sprinkler system Substantial additional risk reduction at high benefit/cost ratios can be realized by protecting such assets with both a clean agent system and a sprinkler systemConclusions
-
AcknowledgementsGreat Lakes Chemical CorporationSteve Ginn
Hughes Associates, Inc.Eric ForssellJason OuelletteMatt HarrisonRalph OuelletteArt HammettJason Kennedy
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