classification organization of things/organisms into related groups based on similarities
Post on 28-Dec-2015
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Taxonomy
• Branch of Biology concerned with…
• Grouping and naming of organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history
Aristotle’s Classification
Plants
BY SIZE• Trees
• Shrubs• Herbs
Animals
BY HABITATo Watero Lando Air
Carolus Linnaeus 1700’s
• Swedish botanist• Parents wanted him to
be a priest like father• Studied medicine and
many other things• Noted for being
instrumental in classifying organisms
Linnaeus and Classification• Used morphology (form and structure) to group
Ex- flowering plant’s reproductive systems – asexual or sexual reproduction
• 2 groups - plants and animals
• Used Scientific Names ( Latin)• Binomial Nomenclature: 2 name naming system• Genus and species
Why Latin?
• Language of educated in his day
• Still use it because no longer spoken language so it will never change
• No slang words
• Universal understanding
Common Name-Common Name
-confusing/misleading
Ex. Polecat
-doesn’t show relationships
-more than one name
Scientific Name
LatinStandard name -show relationshipsEx: Felis concolor Puma concolorItalics or underlineGenus capitalized
Why Classify?
• 1. Shows relationships between living and once living things
• 2. Brings order to diversity
• 3. Explains evolutionary patterns
• 4. Gives organisms specific names
• 5. Provides means to identify unknown organisms
Classification Categories (taxa)7 levels of organization
• Each one is smaller than the previous one (fewer types of organisms)KingdomPhylumClassOrder-FamilyGenusSpecies-single organism that can reproduce with one another
Varieties -subset of species - peaches, nectarinesSubvarieties-variation of a species in diff geographic areas
Human Taxa
• Kingdom animalia
• Phylum chordata
• Class mammalia
• Order primate
• Family hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens
Phylogenic Trees
• Shows evolutionary history of species
• Determined by shared characteristics:
structures: larval forms and embryos
biochemistry: # amino acids in common
behavior patterns: habitats and mating calls
cell organization: prokaryote/eukaryote
Problems with classifying
• Many organisms have similar structure
• Isolation may make organisms unique
• New discoveries made constantly
• Organisms may fit into more than one category
• Man-made system (human error)
Key Terms
• Prokaryote- unicellular, without membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus
• Eukaryote-organism with membrane bound organelles
• Autotroph-organism capable of making organic nutrients directly from inorganic
• Hetertroph- organism that gets energy from other sources other than itself
Archaebacteria
• Unicellular, prokaryote, anaerobic, and aerobic
• Adapted to extreme environments (temp, acidity, salinity)
• Binary fission• Some autotrophic
(chemosynthesis)
Eubacteria• Unicellular, prokaryotes,
anaerobic and aerobic• Binary fission• Heterotrophs , some
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
• Cell walls (different from plants)
• Bacteria and blue green bacteria
Protista• Eukaryotes (membrane bound
organelles)• Single celled and multicellular• Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like• Lack specialized tissue• Live in moist areas• Autotrophic and heterotrophic• Some with cell walls• Sexual and asexual reproduction• Ex: amoeba, paramecium, euglena
algae
Fungus
• Heterotrophic, unicellular (yeast) and multicellular eukaryotes
• Absorbs nutrients-dead matter• Cell wall chitin• Sexual/asexual reproduction• Mostly terrestrial• Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts,
smuts, mildew, mold
Plantae
• Multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotic
• Mostly terrestrial• Specialized tissues and organs• Cell walls of cellulose• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts• Alternation of generations
between diploid and haploid • Ex: moss, ferns, conifers,
flowering plants
Animalia• Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes• Specialized tissues, some have organs and
organ systems• Nutrition by ingestion• Sexual reproduction based on meiosis• No cell walls or chloroplasts• Sensory structures or organs• Muscle systems for movement• Aquatic or terrestrial
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