china's accession to wto ‐‐ global manufacturing, trade ... · pdf filechina's...
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OutlineOutline
1. Some trade numbers for China: – China’s trade pattern
2. Fragmentation of production: – Trade in intermediate goods.
– Vertical specialization.
– The importance of services
3. Transfer of technology – Innovation
Sources: UN Comtrade database and WTO Secretariat.
...with important contribution of China’s trade balance to its GDP
China’s merchandise trade by customs regime, 2011, $bn
Source: China Customs Statistics (Dec 2011)
Processing& assembling
Processing with imported materials
Processing& assembling
Processing with imported materials
Source: China Customs Statistics (Dec 2011)
FOE = foreign‐owned enterprises
China’s merchandise trade by customs regime and ownership, 2011
Vertical trade
Source: Hummels (1998)Source: Hummels (1998)
MethodologiesMethodologies
An Example of Vertical‐Specialization‐Based Trade
Country I
Country II
$50 million parts
$100 million exports of computers
$150 million computers
$50 million domestic parts
$50 million domestic sales
$50 million capital and labor
Country III
Share of high complexity
intermediate goods in total exports/imports of intermediate goods
Source: Trade patterns and global value chains in East Asia, WTO/IDE/Jetro 2011
Marketing
BrandInnovation
Design
R&D
Standardization
InnovationR&D
Design
Added Value
Manufacture
Logistics
Marketin
gBrand
Standardization
Production process
Logistics
AssemblyManufacture
Assembly
Customer
services
Customer services
Services Goods Servicesand services
SmileyFace (Source: Business Week International online extra, May 16, 2005,
Stan Shih on Taiwan and China)Value Added
Due to offshoring?
Exports of Computer &Information Services and Other Business Services, 2000‐2010
Source: WTO
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