chemistry full english
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7/23/2019 Chemistry Full English
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Green House Gases:
1) Water Vapour2) Carbon dioxide3) Methane
4) Nitrous Oxide5) Ozone6) CFCs
My favourite gases:
1) Methane2) Ethane
3) Propane4) Butane
Name Gases:
1) Laughing gas: N 2O2) Water gas: H 2 + CO3) Coal gas: Mixture of many hydrocarbons4) Tear gas: Chloropicrin, CN, CR, CS, Pepper-spray etc.5) Acid rain: Oxides of Sulfur or Nitrogen + Water = HNO 3 + H2SO4 6) Gobar gas (bio gas): CH 4 + CO + H2 + CO2 + SO2 7) Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Methyl Isocynate
Atomic Structure
Proton: Charge (+ve)Mass
Element
Neutron: Mass
Electron: Charge (-ve)
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Isotopes:
C-14 is radioactiveHalf-life = 5730 yearsUsed in radioactive dating (carbon dating)Undergoes Beta decay
AtomicNumber (p)
Mass Number(p+n)
NeutronNumber (n)
C-12 6 12 6C-13 6 13 7C-14 6 14 8N-14 7 14 7
Isotopes Isobars Isotones
Isotopes of Hydrogen1) Protium2) Deuterium3) Tritium
Atomic number Mass numberα radioactivity -2 -4β radioactivity +1 0γ radioactivity 0 0
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H2O D
2O T
2O
Light Water Heavy Water Tritiated WaterHeavy water is used in nuclear reactors as moderator and coolant. India is the largestproducer of Heavy Water in the world.
Metals lose electronsNon-metals either gain electrons, or exist as noble gasesEvery atom has tendency to fill its outermost orbit with 8 electronsMetalloids are between metals and non-metals. Examples: Si and Ge
Property Acid Base pH Less than 7.0. Greater than 7.0
Physical nature Taste sour. Bases feel slippery. Taste bitter.
Strength depends on concentration ofH+ ions depends on concentration of OH-
Phenolphthalein remains colorless Makes it pinkOther
PropertiesElectrolytes, conduct
electricity Electrolytes, conduct electricity
Dissociation Acids free hydrogen ions (H+)when mixed with water.
Bases free hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed withwater.
Made of Oxides of non-metals Oxides of metalsExamples Acetic acid, Sulfuric acid Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonia
Litmus test Acids change litmus paperred. Bases change litmus paper blue.
pH + pOH = 14 Acids + Base = Salt + Water
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Oxydation: Loss of electronsReduction: Gain of electrons
Nuclear reactions:1) Fission2) Fusion
Fission (Top)Fusion (Left)
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Anderson Positron
Aston and Soddy Isotopes
Aufbau Aufbau Principle
Avogadro Relation between volume of gas number of moles
Arrhenius Electrolytic dissociation
Allred-Rochow Electronegetivity scale
Bernauli Kinetic Theory of Gases
Niels Bohr Atomic Model, Long periodic table
Robert Boyle Boyle' law
Berzelius Catalysis
Henry Becquerrel Radioactivity
Bronsted Lowry Acid-Base Concept
Bartlett Compounds of Xenon
Compton Compton Effect
Cavendish Hydrogen
Chadwick Neutron
Charles Gas Laws
Davisson and Germer Wave Nature of Electron
Dride and Lorentz Electron Pool and Electron Gas
Dobrenier Law of Triads
Humphry Davy Potassium, SodiumDebye Huckel Strong Electrolytes Theory
John Dalton Atomic Model, Law of Partial Pressure
Dorn Discovery of Rn
de Broglie Dual nature of matter
Einstein Relativity, Mass-Energy Relationship
Michael Faraday Electrolysis
Fajan Polarisation of Anion
Gtauber Nitric Acid
Graham Gaseous diffusion, Colloidal State
Guldberg-Waage Law of Mass-Action
Goldstein Proton, Anode raysHertz Photoelectric Effect
Helmholtz First Law of Thermodynamics
Hund Multiplicity Rule
Heisenberg Uncertainity Principle
Hund-Mulliken Molecular Orbital Theory
Heitlor-London Valence Bond Theory
Irene Curie and F. Joliot Artificial Radioactivity
Scientists and their contribution in Chemistry
Chemistry Notes
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Joseph Aspdin Cement
Keyser Adsorption
Kekule Benzene
Kossel Lewis Electrovalence
Le Fevre Sulphuric Acid
Lewis Covalence, Acid-Base
Libby Radiactive DatingLockyer and Frankland Helium
Lawrence Cyclotron
Lavoisier Conservation of Mass, Nitrogen
Le Chatlier Chemical Equilibrium
Marie Curie Radium, Plutonium
Maxwell Kinetic Theory of Gases
Mendeleef Periodic Table
Millikan Charge of Electron
Mosley Modern Periodic Law
Newland Law of Octet
Nernst Electrode PotentialOtto Hahn and Strassman Nuclear Fission
Ostwald Weak Electrolytes Dilution
Priestley Ammonia, Laughung gas
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Pauling-Slater Valence Bond Theory
Proust Law of Constant Proportion
Max Plank Wave Nature of Light
Ritcher Law of Reciprocal Proportion
Rutherford Nucleus, Nuclear Reactions
Roentzen X-RaysRaoult Vapour Pressure and Gas Dissolution
Rayleigh-Ramsay Argon
Ramsay-Travers Neon, Krypton, Xenon
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Soddy-Fajan Group Displacement Law
Sidwick Maximum Covalence Rule
Sidwick-Powell Hybridisation
Sorenson pH
Sommerfeld Atomic Model
Scheele Nitrogen
Sugden Co-ordinate Bond, Singlet LinkageSchulze-Hardy Coagulation by electrolyte
Thomson Electron
Tyndall Scattering by Sol
Thenard Hydrogen Peroxide
Urey Deuterium and Heavy Water
Van Marum Ozone
van der Waals Gas Equation
vant Hoff Rate Constant and Equilibrium Constant
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Yukawa Mesons
Zeeman Zeeman Effect
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Reagent Composition UseSchweitzer Reagent Tetraaminecopper (II) sulphate to dissolve cellulose in manufacturing artificial silk
Fehling Solution Copper sulphate + Sodium Potassium tartarateRochelle Salt + NaOH
to detect an aldehydic group
Tollen's Reagent AgNO 3 solution + NaOH solution + NH 4 OH to detect an aldehydic group
Benedict Solution Alkaline solution of cupric ion complexed withcitrate ions
to detect -CHO group
Schiff's Reagent Dilute solution of rosaline hydrochloride inwater a ter assin SO2
to detect -CHO group
Bordeaux Mixture Cu S O 4 + Lime to kill moulds and fungi on winesSoda Bleach Na 2 O 2 + dil. HCl for bleaching of delicate fibres like wool, silk etc.
Soda Lime Ca(OH) 2 + NaOH as absorbent for a number of gases, and indecarbox lation o sodium salts o att acids
Fusion Mixture Na 2 CO 3 + K 2 CO 3 as laboratory reagent Lithopone ZnS + BaSO 4 as white paint Sublimed White Lead PbSO 4 + PbO + ZnO as white paint
Carbogen O 2 + 5% to 10% CO 2 for artificial respirationNessler's Reagent K 2 HgI 4 to detect NH 4 + ionsNitrolim Calcium cynamide + graphite as fertilizer Superphosphate Calcium dihydrogen phosphate + CaSO 4 as fertilizer Thomas Slag Tricalcium phosphate + cal. Silicate as fertilizer Baeyer's Reagent Cold 1% alkaline KMnO 4 solution to detect olefinic and acetylenic linkagesMolisch Reagent α-Naphthol dissolved in alcohol to detect carbohydratesLindlar Catalyst Palladised charcoal deactivated with sulphur
compounds for partial hydrogenation of triple bonds todouble bonds
Milk of Magnesia Suspension of Mg(OH) 2 in water as antacid Gun Powder A mixture of S, charcoal and KNO 3 as explosivePusrple of Cassius Colloidal particles of gold absorbed by colloidal
precipitate of stannic acid for colouring glass (ruby red) and pottery
Lucas Reagent Conc. HGl + anhy. ZnCl 2 for distinguishing three types of alcoholsRectified Spirit 93% - 95% ethanol Methylated Spirit (Denatured alcohol) Rectified Spirit + CH 3 OH,
pyridine, acetone etc.Power Alcohol 80% Petrol + 20% Alcohol Brady's Reagent 2, 4-DinitrophenylhydrazineLemieux Reagent Aques solution of sodium periodate + a trace of
KMnO 4
to detect and locate double bond in organiccompound
Sanger's Reagent 2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene for amino acid sequence detection in polypeptides
Tildon's Reagent Nitrosyl chloride to detect presence of olefinic linkageHoffman Reagent Diethyl oxalate for seperation of mixture of 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ amines
Hinsberg Reagent Benzenesulphonyl chloride for seperation of mixture of 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ amines
Malaparade Reagent Periodic acid for cleaving vicinal glycols giving aldehydes,ketones or their mixtures
Ninhydrin Reagent Triketohydrindene hydrate to detect the presence of amino acidds and proteins with which it gives violet, red or pinkcolor
Some important reagents and their uses
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Lowest electronegativity CsHighest electronegativity FHighest ionisation potential HeLowest inonisation potential CsLowest electron affinity
Noble gases (zero)Highest electron affinity ClLeast electropositive element FLowest melting point metal HgHighest melting point metal WLowest melting point element HeHighest melting point element WMost reactive solid element LiMost reactive liquid element CsMost reactive gaseous element FMost stable element Te
Smallest atom HLargest atom CsLargest anion AtSmallest anion F
Cs (among stable)
Fr (overall)Total number of gaseous elements 11 (H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl,
Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)Total number of liquid elements 4 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg)Total number of solid elements 89Volatile d block elements Zn, Cd, HgMost abundant element on earth OxygenMost rare element on earth AstatineMost abundant metal on earth Al (and then Fe)Metals with highest oxidation number Ru, OsMost electrovalent (ionic) compound CsFStrongest base Cs(OH)Strongest basic oxide Cs2O
Best electric conductors Ag (then Cu, Au, Al)Most poisonous element PuLiquid non metal Br
Element kept in water PElement kept in kerosene Na, K, Rb, CsBridge metals Na, MgNoble metals Au, PtAmphoteric metals Zn, Al, Sn, PbAmphoteric non metals SiMetalloids B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, TeLightest element HHeaviest metal Os
Quick Facts
Most electropositive element
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Hardest natural element C (diamond)Most abundant gas NitrogenDry bleacher OzoneNatural explosive NCl3Dry Ice CO2
Oldest known organic acid Acetic acid
Freon CF2Cl2Most abundant elements on earth O, Si, Al
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Aluminium Bronze Cu + Al
Brass Cu + Zn
Bronze Cu + Sn
Bell Metal Cu + Sn
Coin Alloys (red) Cu + Zn + SnCoin Alloys (white) Cu + Ag + Zn + Ni
Duralumin Al + Cu + Mg + Mn
Electron Mg + Zn (95 : 5%)
Germn Silver Cu + Zn + Ni
Gun Metal Cu + Sn + Zn
Muntz Metal Cu + Zn
Magnalium Al + Mg
Pewter Pb + Sn
Solder Pb + Sn
Type Metal Pb + Sb + Sn
Wood Metal Bi + Pb + Sn + Cd (low m.pt. 71 degree C)Y Alloy Cu + Al
Alloys
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Adam's Catalyst Pt + PtO
Alum (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H 2O
Ammonal NH 4NO3 + Al
Aqua Fortis HNO 3
Aquaregia Conc. HNO 3 + Conc. HCL (1 : 3)Asbestos CaMg 3(SiO3)4
Arsine AsH 3
Anhydrone Mg(ClO 4)2
Argentoferrous Galena PbS + Ag 2S
Baking Soda or Powder NaHCO 3
Berthelot's Salt KClO 3
Black Lead Graphite
Blue Vitriol CuSO 4. 5H2O
Baryta Water Ba(OH) 2 Solution
Bremstone S 8
Baryta BaOBordeux Mixture CuSO 4 Solution + Lime
Bleaching Powder CaOCl 2
Boranes Hydride of Boron
Calomel Hg 2Cl2Carbolic Acid C 6H5OH
Carborundum SiC
Caro's Acid H 2SO5
Caustic Potash KOH
Chromyl Chloride CrO 2Cl2
Corundum Al 2O3Crystal Carbonate Na 2CO3.H2O
Coinage Metals Cu, Ag, and Au
Cementite FeC
Chinese White ZnO
Caliche NaNO 3 + NaIO3
Corrosive Sublimate HgCl 2
Dry Ice CO2
Deuterium H-2 or D
D.D.T. dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane
Epsom Salt MgSO 4.7H2O
Ferrocene Fe(η 5 - C5H5)2
Fischer's Salt K3 [Co(NO 2)6]
Formalin HCHO
Freon CCl 2F2
Ferric Alum K 2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H 2O
Fenton's Reagent H 2O2 + Few Drops of FeCl 3
Fluid Magnesia 12% Solution of Mg (HCO 3)2
Fehling solution CuSO 4.5H2O + NaOH + Na, K Tartarate
Green Vitriol FeSO 4.7H2O
Compounds
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Gun Powder Sulphur + Charcoal + KNO 3
Gypsum CaSO 4.2H2O
Hypo Na 2S2O3.5H2O
Hyposulphite of Soda Hypo
Heavy Water D 2O
Heavy Hydrogen D 2
King of Chemicals H 2SO4
Killed Spirits ZnCl 2 + ZnO
Kainte KCl.MgSO4.3H2O
Kaolinite Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
Laughing Gas N 2O
Limestone CaCO 3
Lunar Caustic AgNO 3
Lithrage (Masscote) PbO
Lithopone ZnS + BaSO 4
Leuna Salt Peter NH 4NO3
Lanakite PbO.PbSO 4
Magnesi Alba MgOMarsh gas CH 4
Marshall's Acid H 2S2O8
Mica KH2Al2(SiO4)3
Milk of Lime Ca(OH) 2
Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH) 2
Magnesia Alba (MgCO 3)x[Mg(OH2)]y.zH2O
Matte Cu 2S + FeS
Minium Pb 3O4
Micro Cosmic Salt NaNH 4.HPO4
Nitro chalk NH 4NO3 + (NH4)2CO3Nitrophos Ca(H 3PO4)2 + 2Ca(NO3)2
Nascent Hydrogen H At The Moment of Generation
Oil of Vitriol H 2SO4
Oil of Winter Green Methyl Salicylate
Oxone Na 2O2
Plaster of Paris CaSO 4.1/2 H 2O
Phosgene COCl 2
Picric Acid 2, 4, 6 Trinitrophenol
Prussian Blue Fe 4[Fe(CN)6]3
Permutit (Zeolite) Na 2Al2SiO8.xH2O
Pharaoh's Serpents Hg (CNS) 2
Pig Iron Impure Form Of Iron
Producer Gas A Mixture Of CO + N 2 + H2
Quick Lime CaO
Quartz SiO 2
Rock Salt NaCl
Ruby Al2O3
Refrigerant CO 2, NH3, CF2Cl2 etc
Red Lead Pb 3O4
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Rust Fe 2O3.xH2O
Salt cake Na 2SO4
Sand SiO 2
Silver Tarnish Ag 2S
Soda Lime NaOH + CaO
Spirit of Wine C 2H5OH
Stranger Gas Xenon (Xe)Super Phosphate of Lime Ca(H 2PO4).H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
Sorel's Cement Mg(Oh) Cl or MgCl 2.5MgO.xH 2O
Salammoniac NH 4Cl
Stainless Steel An Alloy Of Fe, Cr, And C
Super Phosphate Ca(H 2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4
Tincture of Iodine I 2 + KL
T.N.T Trinitrotoluene
TNB Trinitrobenzene
Tincal Na 2B4O7.10H 2O
Talc 3 MgO.4SiO 2.H2O or Mg 2(Si2O3).Mg(OH) 2
Vinegar CH 3COOHWashing Soda Na 2CO3
White Graphite BN
White Lead 2PbCO 3.Pb(OH) 2
White Vitriol ZnSO 4.7H2O
Wilkinson's Catalyst [(C 6H5)3P]3RhCl
Water Gas CO + H 2
Wrought Iron Pure Form Of Iron
Willemite ZnO
Yellow Ammonium Sulphide (NH 4)2Sx
Yperite Mustard GasZiegler-Natta Catalyst TiCl 4 - (C2H5)3Al Complex
Ziesse's Salt (PH 3P)3RhCl
Zircone Zirconium Silicate
Zinc White ZnO
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Alumina Al 2O3
Alunite K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)2.4Al(OH)3
Apatite (Fluoropatite) 3Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2
Azurite 2CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2
Anhydrite CaSO 4
Argentite Ag 2S
Anglesite PbSO 4
Bauxite Al 2O3.2H2O
Borax Na 2B4O7.10H 2O
Calaverite AuTe 2
Chili Salt Peter NaNO 3
Cinnabar HgS
Calcia CaO
Chlorapatite Ca 5(PO4)3Cl or 3Ca 3(PO4)3.CaCl2Carnalite KCl.MgCl 2.6H2O
Calamine ZnCO 3
Cassiterite SnO 2
Copper Pyrite (Chalcopyrite) CuFeS 2
Copper Glance Cu 2S
Cuprite (Ruby Copper) Cu 2O
Corundum Emery Al 2O3
Cryolite Na 3AlF6
Clay (Kaolin, China, Clay, mica or Felspar) AluminoSilicates or KAlSi 3O3
Chalk (Marble, Aragonite Calcite, Iceland Spar, Lime Stone CaCO 3
Cerussite PbCO 3
Diaspore Al 2O3.H2ODolomite MgCO 3.CaCO3
Epsom Salt (Epsomite) MgSO 4.7H2O
Fluorspar CaF 2
Fluorapatite (Also see apatite above) 3Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2
Greenockite CdS
Gypsum CaSO 4.2H2O
Galena PbS
Heavy Spar BaSO 4
Horn Silver (Chlorargyrite) AgCl
Haematite (Red) Fe 2O3
Iron Pyrite FeS 2
Kieserite MgSO 4.H2O
Limonite (Brown) Fe 2O3.3H2O
Magnesite MgCO 3
Malachite CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2
Magnetite Fe 3O4
Pyrargyrite or Ruby silver Ag 3SbS3
Pyrolusite MnO 2
Phosphorite Ca 3(PO4)2
Important Minerals and Ores of Some Common Elements
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Sylvine KCl
schonite K 2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O
Sylvanite (AgAu)Te
Salt Peter (Indian) KNO 3
Siderite FeCO 3
Trona (Natron) Na 2CO3
Whitherite BaCO 3
Zincite ZnO
Zinc Blende ZnS
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MagnesiteDolomiteEpsomiteCarnallite
AsbestoseTalcCopper PyritesCupriteCopper GlanceMalachiteAzuriteArgentiteHorn SilverRuby SilverZinc BlendeClamineZinciteWillemiteBauxiteCryoliteFeldsparKaoliniteMicaCorundumDiaspore
Tin CassiteriteGalenaAnglesiteCerussiteLanarkiteHaematiteLimoniteMagnetiteSideriteIron pyriteCopper Pyrites
Lead
Iron
Ores of few important metals
Magnesium
Copper
Silver
Zinc
Aluminium
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