chapter22 section01 organic chemistry and hydrocarbons by hamdy karim

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Chemistry 22.1

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22.1 Hydrocarbons

Gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene are examples of liquid fuels. A solid fuel, coal, produced the steam for the locomotives that pulled old-time trains. These fuels are mixtures of compounds called hydrocarbons. You will learn about the structure and properties of hydrocarbons.

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Hydrocarbons >

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22.1 Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

How is the number of valence electrons in carbon atoms related to the bonds that carbon atoms form?

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds.

The simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen and are called hydrocarbons.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

One carbon atom can form a single covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms.

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Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Animation 28

Get a glimpse of the staggering variety of hydrocarbon compounds.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model

Formulas and Models for Methane and Ethane

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Hydrocarbons >

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22.1 Alkanes

Alkanes

What are two possible arrangements of carbon atoms in an alkane?

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds.

The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

Straight-Chain Alkanes

Ethane is the simplest of the straight-chain alkanes, which contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

A group of compounds forms a homologous series if there is a constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

Hydrocarbons are used as fuels.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

In a condensed structural formula, some bonds and/or atoms are left out of the structural formula. Although the bonds and atoms do not appear, they are there.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.1

Problem Solving 22.1 Solve Problem 1 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

Branched-Chain Alkanes

An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

• A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group.

• An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is called a branched-chain alkane.

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Alkanes

Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the arrangement of atoms in 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane.

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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.2

Problem Solving 22.3 Solve Problem 3 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

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Practice Problems for Conceptual Problem 22.3

Problem Solving 22.5 Solve Problem 5 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

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Hydrocarbons >

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22.1 Properties of Alkanes

Properties of Alkanes

In terms of their polarity, what type of molecules are alkanes?

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22.1 Hydrocarbons > Properties of Alkanes

Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules.

The nonpolar molecules in the oil spill are not attracted to the polar water molecules in the ocean.

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Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

22.1 Section Quiz.

22.1.

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22.1 Section Quiz.

1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Because carbon has ______ valence electrons, it can form ______________ bonds.

a. four, four covalent

b. four, four ionic

c. six, six covalent

d. six, four or fewer covalent

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22.1 Section Quiz.

2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only ___________ bonds.

a. carbon-carbon

b. single covalent

c. carbon-hydrogen

d. ionic

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22.1 Section Quiz

3. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Hydrocarbons are highly soluble in _______ solvents because they are ________ molecules.

a. nonpolar, nonpolar

b. nonpolar, polar

c. polar, nonpolar

d. polar, polar

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