chapter 6: the skeletal system - warner pacific …classpages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/bio...
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton.
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Hyaline cartilages
Elastic cartilages
Fibrocartilages
Cartilages
Bones of skeleton
Epiglottis Larynx
Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung
Respiratory tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in
external ear Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage of a joint
Costal
cartilage
Cartilage in
Intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Articular cartilage of a joint
Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)
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Intervertebral discs are made of which type
of cartilage?
1) Elastic cartilage
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Hyaline cartilage
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Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton.
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Hyaline cartilages
Elastic cartilages
Fibrocartilages
Cartilages
Bones of skeleton
Epiglottis Larynx
Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung
Respiratory tube cartilages
in neck and thorax
Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in
external ear Cartilages in nose
Articular Cartilage of a joint
Costal
cartilage
Cartilage in
Intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Articular cartilage of a joint
Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)
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Figure 6.2 Classification of bones on the basis of shape.
(a) Long bone
(humerus)
(b) Irregular bone
(vertebra), right
lateral view
(d) Short bone
(talus)
(c) Flat bone
(sternum)
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True or false: Every bone has the same
primary functions.
1) True
2) False
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Proximal
epiphysis
(b)
(c) (a)
Yellow
bone marrow
Endosteum
Epiphyseal
line
Articular
cartilage
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Medullary
cavity (lined
by endosteum)
Compact bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Perforating
(Sharpey’s)
fibers
Nutrient
arteries
Diaphysis
Distal
epiphysis
Figure 6.3 The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm).
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Figure 6.5 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone.
Compact
bone
Trabeculae
Spongy bone
(diploë)
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The connective tissue surrounding a bone
is called the…
1) Diaphysis
2) Endosteum
3) Epiphysium
4) Periosteum
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True or false: Trabeculae are found in
compact bone.
1) True
2) False
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Figure 6.4 Comparison of different types of bone cells.
(a) Osteogenic cell (b) Osteoblast (c) Osteocyte
Stem cell Mature bone cell
that maintains the
bone matrix
Matrix-synthesizing
cell responsible
for bone growth
(d) Osteoclast
Bone-resorbing cell
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Figure 6.6 A single osteon.
Structures
in the
central
canal
Artery with
capillaries
Vein
Nerve fiber
Lamellae
Collagen
fibers
run in
different
directions
Twisting
force
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Figure 6.7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone.
Endosteum lining bony canals
and covering trabeculae
Perforating
(Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum
Lacuna (with
osteocyte)
(a)
(b) (c)
Lacunae
Lamellae
Nerve
Vein
Artery
Canaliculi
Osteocyte
in a lacuna
Circumferential
lamellae
Osteon
(Haversian system)
Central
(Haversian) canal
Central
canal
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae
Compact
bone
Spongy bone
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The cells which build new bone are:
1) Osteoblasts
2) Osteogenic cells
3) Osteoclasts
4) Osteocytes
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Osteocytes receive their nutrition from fluid in
the ________, which are connected to
the larger ___________.
1) Canaliculi / central canal
2) Lamellae / lacunae
3) Osteoblasts / lacunae
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Hydroxyapatite is part of the _______
component of bone.
1) Cellular
2) Organic
3) Inorganic
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Figure 6.8 Intramembranous ossification.
Mesenchymal cell
Collagen fiber
Ossification center
Osteoid
Osteoblast
Osteoid
Osteocyte
Newly calcified
bone matrix
Osteoblast
Mesenchyme condensing to form the periosteum
Blood vessel
Trabeculae of
woven bone
Fibrous periosteum
Osteoblast
Plate of compact bone
Diploë (spongy bone) cavities contain red marrow
1 2
3 4
Ossification centers appear in the fibrous
connective tissue membrane.
• Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster
and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an
ossification center.
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the
fibrous membrane and calcifies.
• Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified
within a few days.
• Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Woven bone and periosteum form.
• Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic
blood vessels in a random manner. The result is a network
(instead of lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.
• Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face
of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to
the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
• Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later
replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact bone
plates.
• Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, per-
sists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
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Figure 6.9 Endochondral ossification in a long bone.
1 2 3 4 5 Bone collar
forms around
hyaline cartilage
model.
Cartilage in the
center of the
diaphysis calcifies
and then develops
cavities.
The periosteal
bud invades the
internal cavities
and spongy bone
begins to form.
The diaphysis elongates
and a medullary cavity
forms as ossification
continues. Secondary
ossification centers appear
in the epiphyses in
preparation for stage 5.
The epiphyses
ossify. When
completed, hyaline
cartilage remains only
in the epiphyseal
plates and articular
cartilages.
Hyaline
cartilage
Area of
deteriorating
cartilage matrix
Epiphyseal
blood vessel
Spongy
bone
formation
Epiphyseal
plate cartilage
Secondary
ossification
center
Blood vessel of
periosteal
bud
Medullary
cavity
Articular
cartilage
Childhood to
adolescence
Birth Week 9 Month 3
Spongy
bone
Bone collar
Primary ossification center
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The starting point for endochondrial
ossification is called the…
1) Medullary cavity
2) Periosteal bud
3) Primary ossification center
4) Bone collar
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Figure 6.10 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
Calcified cartilage
spicule
Osseous tissue
(bone) covering
cartilage spicules
Resting zone
Osteoblast depositing
bone matrix
Proliferation zone
Cartilage cells undergo
mitosis.
Hypertrophic zone
Older cartilage cells
enlarge.
Ossification zone
New bone formation is
occurring.
Calcification zone
Matrix becomes calcified;
cartilage cells die; matrix
begins deteriorating.
1
2
3
4
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Figure 6.11 Long bone growth and remodeling during youth.
Bone growth Bone remodeling
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilage grows here.
Cartilage is replaced by bone here.
Cartilage grows here.
Bone is resorbed here.
Bone is resorbed here.
Bone is added by appositional growth here. Cartilage
is replaced by bone here.
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Growth of bone length is due largely to
increasing numbers of cells in
the _______ zone…
1) calcification
2) hypertrophic
3) ossification
4) proliferation
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Figure 6.12 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) control of blood calcium levels.
Osteoclasts
degrade bone
matrix and
release Ca2+
into blood.
Parathyroid
glands
Thyroid
gland
Parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid
hormone (PTH).
Stimulus
Falling blood
Ca2+
levels
PTH
Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 ml
BALANCE BALANCE
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Figure 6.13 Bone anatomy and bending stress.
Load here (body weight)
Head of
femur
Compression
here
Point of no stress
Tension
here
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Which of the following does NOT control
bone growth or remodeling?
1) Growth hormone
2) Mechanical force
3) Parathyroid hormone
4) Thyroid hormone
5) Calcitonin
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The type of fracture which commonly occurs in
porous bones subjected to a fall is a…
1) Comminuted fracture
2) Compression fracture
3) Spiral fracture
4) Epiphyseal fracture
5) Depression fracture
6) Greenstick fracture
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Figure 6.15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture.
Hematoma External callus
Bony callus of spongy bone
Healed fracture
New blood vessels
Spongy bone trabecula
Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage)
1 A hematoma forms. 2 Fibrocartilaginous
callus forms.
3 Bony callus forms. 4 Bone
remodeling
occurs.
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True or false: if a bone breaks, it bleeds.
1) True
2) False
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Figure 6.16 The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteporotic bone.
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The disease which causes children to have
soft, malformed bones due to vitamin D or
calcium deficiency is…
1) Rickets
2) Osteomalacia
3) Osteporosis
4) Paget’s Disease
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