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PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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Chapter 6 Port Transportation Facilities
1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinanceGeneral Provisions
Article 35 1TheperformancerequirementsforporttransportationfacilitiesshallbesuchthattheporttransportationfacilitiessatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismsoas toenable thesafeandsmoothusageofvehiclesandships inconsiderationof its facility type inlightofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellasthetrafficconditionsintheportanditshinterland.
2The performance requirements for port transportation facilities shall be such that port transportationfacilitieshavestructuralstabilityagainstselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,waves,watercurrents,earthquakegroundmotions,imposedloads,winds,flamesandheatfromfires,collisionwithshipsand/orotheractions.
Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Port Transportation Facilities
Article 40 Theitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofporttransportationfacilitiesasspecifiedinthischapterby theMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandother requirements shallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.
Public NoticePort Transportation Facilities
Article 74 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle40oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsofport transportationfacilitiesshallbeprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle79.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria Common to Port Transportation Facilities
Article 75 Theperformance criteria common toport transportation facilities shall be such that port transportationfacilitiesareappropriatelylocatedandhavetherequireddimensionsinconsiderationofthetripgeneration,theprojectedtrafficvolume,theenvironmentalconditionstowhichtheyaresubjected,smoothconnectionwithothertrafficfacilities,theutilizationofothertrafficfacilities,andotherssoastosecurethesafeandsmoothtrafficintheport.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
2 RoadsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Roads
Article 36 1 Theperformancerequirementsforroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)RoadsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand
Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthetrafficcharacteristicsintheport.
(2)Damageduetoimposedloadsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadswithoutimpairingtheirfunctions.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforroadshavingtunnelsectionsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Damageduetoselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,andLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,
and/orotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadsandnotimpairtheirfunctions.
(2)DamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,flamesandheatfromfires,and/orotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredfortheroadsconcerned.
[TechnicalNote]TunnelsStabilityoffacility
ItisnecessarytoensuretherestorabilityinanaccidentalsituationregardingLevel2earthquakegroundmotionandflamesandheatfromafire.Thisisspecifiedconsideringthefactsthatwhenatunnelisheavilydamagedasaresultoftheeffectoftheaccidentalsituation,thereareseriousconsequencesonhumanlives,propertiesand/orsocialandeconomicactivitiesanditisdifficulttoperformlarge-scalerestorationworkinthetunnel.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Roads
Article 76 Theperformancecriteriaofroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Inthecaseofaroadwhichisusedbymanytractor-semitrailersandothers,thetractor-semitrailersmay
besetasthedesignvehicle.(2)Thepavementstructureshallbeappropriatelyspecifiedinconsiderationofthetrafficvolumeofspecial
vehiclessuchastractor-semitrailersandmobilecranes.(3)Thelanesandothersshallsatisfythefollowingcriteriasoasnottocausetrafficcongestionintheport
area:(a)The number of lanes shall be appropriately set in consideration of the projected traffic volume,
whichisdeterminedbytakingaccountoftheutilizationconditionsoftheportsituatedneartheroadconcerned,andthedesignstandardtrafficvolume,whichisthemaximumallowablevehicletrafficvolumeperhourontheroad.
(b)Thelanewidthshallbe3.25mor3.5minprinciple.Provided,however,thatthelanewidthof3.5mshallbethestandardinthecasewherethetrafficoflargevehiclesisheavy,andthelanewidthmaybereducedto3munderunavoidablecircumstancessuchas theconstraintsof topographicalconditionsandothers.
(c)Astoppinglaneshallbeprovidedintheleftmostpartoftheroadasnecessarysothatitmaynothinderthesafeandsmoothpassageofvehicles.
(4)Roads that are exclusively used for pedestrians and bicycles shall have appropriate structure inconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsofthefacilitiesoftheportsituatedneartheroadconcerned.
(5)In caseof the roadsonwhich specialvehicles suchas tractor-semitrailers carrying tall containers,
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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mobilecranesandothersareexpectedtotravel,theclearancelimitsoftheroadshallbeappropriatelysetsoastosecurethesafepassageofthesevehicles.
(6)Roadsthatareconnectedtothehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbeappropriatelyroutedsoastosecurethefunctionsrequiredforthefacilitiesconcernedintheaftermathoftheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.
(7)Withregardtothestructure,placeandfacilitiesofroads,thematterswhicharenotprescribedintheprecedingitemsshallbepursuanttotheprovisionsoftheEnforcementRegulationsforRoadStructures(CabinetOrderNo.320of1970)inconsiderationofthecharacteristicsofthetrafficgeneratedintheport.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofRoadsLanes(a)Numberoflanes
1) Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaroad,thenumberoflanesmaybesetbasedonthevaluesofthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeaccordingtothetypeoftheroadshowninAttached Table 61.
Attached Table 61 Design Standard Traffic Volume
TypeofRoad Designstandardtrafficvolume(vehiclesperhour)
Roadsthatconnectaportandanationalhighway 650Otherroads 500
2) SettingofthenumberoflanesThenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolume(toandfrom)islessthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeshallbetwo(onelaneforeachdirectionexcludingclimbinglanes,turninglanesandgearchangelanes;hereinafterthesame),andthenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeexceedsthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeshallbeamultipleoftwowhichis4(twolanesforeachdirection)ormore.Thenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeexceedsthedesignstandardtrafficvolumemaybedeterminedbasedonthevaluewhichiscalculatedbydividing“thedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforeachdirection”obtainedbymultiplyingthedesignhourlytrafficvolumebytheheavier-trafficdirectionalfactorrepresentingdirectionalcharacteristicsby“theper-lanedesignstandardtrafficvolume”showninAttached Table 62.
Attached Table 62 Per-lane Design Standard Traffic VolumeTypeofRoad Per-laneDesignStandardTrafficVolume
(vehiclesperhour)Roadsthatconnectaportandanationalhighwayetc.
600
Otherroads 350
[Technical Note]
2.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification Whensettingthedesigntrafficvolumesfortheperformanceverificationofaroad,theoriginatingandterminatingtrafficvolumemaybegenerallyestimatedaccordingtothecharacteristicsoftherelevantport,bycategorizingthetrafficvolumes into the trafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution inandaround theportand the trafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport,thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithsuchfacilitiesasgreenareasandmarinas.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
2.2 Carriageway and Lanes
(1) Ingeneral,itispreferabletosetthenumbersoflanesaccordingtothesequenceshowninFig. 2.2.1.1)
↓
↓
↓
Estimation of the design daily traffic volume
Estimation of the originating and terminating traffic volume
Estimation of the design hourly traffic volume
Setting of the number of lanes by comparing the design hourly trafficvolume with the design standard traffic volume
Fig. 2.2.1 Example of Procedure for Setting Number of Lanes
(2)EstimationoftheOriginatingandTerminatingTrafficVolumeofaRoadinaPort
① BasicprinciplesforestimationItispreferablethatthetripgenerationandattraction,whichisthebaseforcalculatingthedesigntrafficvolume,beestimatedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetport. Inaddition,theoriginatingandterminatingtrafficvolumemaybeestimatedbycategorizing the trafficvolumes into the trafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution,thetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport,andthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithsuchfacilitiesasgreenareasandmarinas.
② Estimationmethodforthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution
(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistributionmaybeestimatedusingthebasicunitswhichareobtainedfromthepastrecordsorforecastsofthecargohandlingvolumeintheport(FTunit),andthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEUunit).Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedonthepastrecordsofthecargohandlingvolumeandcontainerhandlingvolumeintheportsofwhichcharacteristicsaresimilar to thatof the targetportand theactual recordsof the trafficvolumeobtainedfromtheactualconditionsurveydata,androadtrafficcensuses.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference. The concept of setting the coefficient here may also apply to the setting of other coefficients in theperformanceverificationofroads.
(b)Estimationmethodbasedonthecargoeshandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)forthecaseofcargootherthancontainers
1) EstimationmethodusingthetotalcargohandlingvolumeintheportThe tripgenerationandattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.1)basedon the totalcargohandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)atthetargetyear.
Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year) =Totalquantityofcargoeshandledintheport�a0bc (2.2.1)
where, a0 :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarriescargoes,which
coverallcommodityitems a coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicleswhich carries cargoes
(vehicles/FT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarriescargoes(FT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostofthecargoeshandledinportsaretransportedbylargevehicles.
b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles theratioofthenumberofalllargevehiclesincludingemptiestothenumberoflargevehicles
whichcarrycargoes. c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles theratioofthenumberofallvehiclesincludingsmallandmediumvehiclestothenumberofall
largevehicles.Thereciprocalofcrepresentstheshareoflargevehicles.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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2) Estimationmethodusingtheitem-specificcargohandlingvolumeintheportIn caseswhere the volumeof certain cargo items are especially large, the annual trip generation andattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.2) basedon the item-specificcargohandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)atthetargetyear.Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)
={ (cargohandlingvolumebyitemintheportai)}bc (2.2.2)
where, ai :coefficientforconversionintothenumberoflargevehicleswhichcarrycargoesbyitem acoefficientforconversionintothenumberoflargevehicleswhichcarriescargoes(vehicles/
FT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarriesitem-specificcargoes(FT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostofthecargoeshandledinportsaretransportedbylargevehicles.
b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles
(c) Estimationmethodbasedonthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)(forthecaseofcontainercargoes)Thetripgenerationandattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.3)basedonthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)atthetargetyear.
Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)=Numberofcontainershandledintheport• (2.2.3)
where, Tr :Transshipmentratio Acoefficienttosubtractthenumberofcontainerstransshippedattheterminalsfromthenumber
ofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)bythesubtraction(1-Tr). Fc :Fullcontainerratio Theratioofthenumberoffullcontainerstothenumberofnon-transshippedcontainers,which
isusedtocalculatethenumberofcontainerstransportedfromtheterminalstothehinterland. Bc :Extensioncoefficienttoincludetheflowofemptycontainers Thetransportofafullcontainerintooroutoftheportisalwaysaccompaniedbythetransport
ofanemptycontainer.Forthisreason,Bcisusedtoconvertthenumberoftransportsoffullcontainers into thenumberof transportsofboth fullandemptycontainers. Themaximumvalueof2.0isgenerallysetforBc,butasmallervaluemaybeusedincaseswhereitisexpectedthatthecontainervantransportbecomesmoreefficient.Fordomestictradecontainers,avaluebetween1.0and1.5maybeusedforBcbecauseemptycontainersarelesstransported.
αc :Coefficientforconversionintotheactualnumberofvehicleswhichcarrycontainers Inaport,20-feetcontainersand40-feetcontainersarehandledtogether.Normally,thetransport
of a 20-feet container requires one vehicle, while the transport of a 40-feet container alsorequiresonevehicle.Forthisreason,αcisusedtoconvertthenumberofcontainersexpressedintheTEUunit(i.e.twenty-footequivalentunit)totheactualnumberofcontainers.
βc :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallcontainer-relatedvehicles Acoefficienttoconvertthenumberofvehicleswhichcarrycontainersintothenumberofall
container-relatedvehiclesincludingtheheadvehiclesandchassistractorswhichdonotcarrycontainers.
γci :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles Acoefficienttoconvertthenumberofallcontainer-relatedvehiclesintothenumberofalllarge
vehicles including ordinary large cargo vehicles. The coefficient γci has the following twocoefficientsaccordingtotheconditionsofthetargetarea.
γc0 :Forcaseswhereitisassumedthatanintegratedphysicaldistributioncenterisnotconstructed γc1 :Forcaseswhereitisassumedthatanintegratedphysicaldistributioncenterisconstructed δc :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles Theratioofthenumberofallvehiclesincludingsmallandmediumvehiclestothenumberof
alllargevehicles.Thereciprocalofδcrepresentstheoccupancyratiooflargevehicle.
③ Estimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport
(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheportmaybeestimatedusingthebasicunitswhichareobtained fromthepast recordsor forecasts,basedon the lotarea, totalfloorspace,andnumberofemployeesoftheindustries.Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedontheactual
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
conditionsoftheindustriesintheportswhicharesimilartotheexaminedtargetportsuchasthelotarea,totalfloorspace,numberofemployeesandthepastresultsoftrafficvolumewhichareobtainedfromtheactualconditionsurveydata,androadtrafficcensuses.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference.
(b)EstimationmethodusingthebasicunitspresentedintheNational Survey on the Net Movement of Cargoes (Physical Distribution Census)3) ThetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheportmaybegenerallyestimatedusingthestagedestimationmethodshowninFig. 2.2.2.
Assumption of the lot area and number of employees of the industry by type of business
Estimation of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) using the basic units for the incoming andoutgoing cargo volume per lot area (m2) by type of businessEstimation of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) using the basic unitsfor the incoming andoutgoing cargo volume per one employee by type of business
Estimation of the annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business (MT unit) carried byautomobile using the automobile transport share by type of business and the following formula:Annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business (automobile) = Annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business ×automobile transport share
Setting of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) through comparative examination ofthe estimation results of both the lot areas and the numbers of employees
Estimation of the annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume from the annual incoming and outgoing cargovolume carried by automobile (MT unit) using equation (2.2.4) or (2.2.5)
Fig. 2.2.2 Estimation Method of the Traffic Volume associated with the Industries Located in and around the Port based on the “National Survey on the Net Movement of Cargoes”
1) Inthecaseofanestimationintendedforthetotalvalueofallitems:Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)
={ (annualincomingandoutgoingcargovolumebytypeofbusiness
(transportedbyautomobiletransport))}•aMT0bc (2.2.4)
2) Inthecaseofestimationintendedforthevaluesbytypeofbusiness(byitem):Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)
={ (annualincomingandoutgoingcargovolumebytypeofbusiness
(transportedbyautomobile) aMTi}bc (2.2.5)
where, aMT0 :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarrycargoes(intended
forallitems) A coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicles which carry cargoes
(vehicles/MT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarrycargoes(MT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostoftheincomingandoutgoingcargoesaretransportedbylargevehicles.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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aMTi :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarrycargoes(intendedforthevaluesbyitem)
A coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicles which carry cargoes(vehicles/MT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarrycargoesbyitem(MT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostoftheincomingandoutgoingcargoesaretransportedbylargevehicles.
b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles
④Estimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareas,marinasandotherfacilities
(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareas,marinasandotherfacilitiesmaybeestimatedusingvariousbasicunitsobtainedfrompastresultsandforecasts.Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedonthesizeandcapacityoftheexistingfacilitieswhicharesimilartothoseofthetargetfacilities,andthepastresultsofthetrafficvolumeobtainedfromthefieldsurveydata,roadtrafficcensusesandothersources.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference.
(b)EstimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareasThetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareasmaybeestimatedintermsofthepeakdailytrafficvolume,usuallyusingequation (2.2.6) andequation (2.2.7).
Peaktrafficvolumeperday(vehicles/day) =Numberofpeakusersperday・Pa・Pb・ Roundtriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient (2.2.6)
Numberofpeakusersperday(persons/day) =Totalareaofthegreenareas(m2)・ ・Turnovernumber (2.2.7)Returntriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient=2
where, Pa :Utilizationrateofautomobilestovisitgreenareas Pb :Passengervehicleconversioncoefficient(=1/averagenumberofboardingpersons)
(c) EstimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithmarinasThetrafficvolumeassociatedwithmarinasmaybeestimatedintermsofthedailytrafficvolume,usuallyusingequation (2.2.8).
Peaktrafficvolumeperday(vehicles/day)=Roundtriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient・Numberofstoredships・Peakdailyutilizationrate・Numberofvehiclesusedpership (2.2.8)
(d)TrafficvolumeassociatedwithferriesWithregardtothetrafficvolumeassociatedwithaferry,itisnecessarytoestimatethepeakhourlytrafficvolumeintendedforthemaximumnumberofvehiclesthatdisembarkfromtheferry.Thepeakhourlytrafficvolumemay usually be obtained using equation (2.2.9). The term “maximum number of disembarkingvehiclesintheoperationcycle”standsfor,forexample,incaseswhereferriesoperateseveraltimesaday,“thelargestnumberofvehiclesthatdisembarkfromaferryduringtheday”orincaseswhereferriesoperateseveraltimesaweek,“thelargestnumberofthatduringtheweek”.
Peaktrafficvolumeperhour(vehicles/hour) =Maximumnumberofdisembarkingvehicles intheoperationcycle(vehicles/hour) (2.2.9)
(e) TrafficvolumesassociatedwithotherfacilitiesIt is also necessary to set the traffic volumes associatedwith facilities other than those described aboveaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetport.
(4)EstimationoftheDesignDailyTrafficVolumesforRoadsinaPort
① Outlineofthe4-stageestimationmethod
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(a) Ingeneral,whenestimating thedesigndaily trafficvolumes, it ispreferable touse the4-stageestimationmethodbasedontheincomingandoutgoingtrafficvolume,whichisatechniquefortrafficplanning.The4-stageestimationmethodisthetechniquetoestimatetrafficvolumesin4stagesasshowninFig. 2.2.3.6)
Estimation of the incoming and outgoing traffic volume
Estimation of the distributed traffic volume
Estimation of the traffic volume shared by each transportation mode
Estimation of the assigned traffic volume
Fig. 2.2.3 4-stage Estimation Method
(b)EstimationofthetripgenerationandattractionIn the trip generation and attraction estimation stage, the total trip number in the target area is firstlypredicted,andthenthetripgenerationandattraction(Ti,Tj)valuesfortheindividualzonesinthetargetareaareestimated.Thetripgenerationandattractionineachzonearepredictedusingthebasicunitmethodandtheregressionmodels.Fortheroadinaport,themethodpresentedin (2) maybeapplied.
(c) EstimationofthedistributedtrafficvolumeInthedistributedtrafficvolumeestimationstage,thetrafficvolumebetweenzonei andzonej(Tij)isestimatedbyassociating the incoming trafficvolumeforzone i (Ti)with theoutgoing trafficvolumeforzone j (Tj),whichwere estimated in the incomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeestimation stage. Models to estimatethedistributedtrafficvolumearegenerallyclassifiedintothecurrentpatternmethodandthegravitymodelmethod.
(d)EstimationofthetrafficvolumesharedbyeachtransportationmodeThethirdstageofthe4-stageestimationmethodistopredictthesharesofeachtransportationmodesuchasautomobilesandrailway.However,incaseswhereonlyautomobiletransportationispremisedfromthebeginning,thisstageisomitted.
(e) EstimationoftheassignedtrafficvolumesIntheassignedtrafficvolumeestimationstage,theroutesonwhichthepreviouslyestimatedinter-zonetrafficvolumesoccurarepredicted. In thisassignedtrafficvolumeestimationprocess, it isnecessarytoset thenetwork,thecostsrequiredforeachrouteandtherouteselectioncriteria.Theassignedtrafficvolumesbyeachroutebasicallyrepresentthedesigndailytrafficvolumesforthetargetroad
②Considerationsinestimationofdesigndailytrafficvolumeinsurroundingareaaswhole First,incaseswherethepassingtrafficvolumewhichdoesnothaveapointoforiginorterminusintheportisassumedtobelarge,itwasconsiderednecessarytoestimatethedesigndailytrafficvolumebasedona4-stageestimationmethod,basedonanintegratedwiththecityplanorroadplanofthehinterlandcity.Whenestimatingthedesigndailytrafficvolumebasedonthistypeofintegratedroadnetwork,itisnecessarytoconsiderthefollowingpoints.
(a)Compatibilityofassumedobjectday Itisthegeneralpracticetousetheannualaverageofdailytrafficvolumeasthedailytrafficvolumeincityplansandroadplans.Inthiscase,thetripgenerationandattractionrelatedtotheportisconvertedtoadailyunitbythemethodpresentedpreviously,andaddedtothedailytrafficvolumeinthecityplanorroadplan. However,therearecasesinwhichitispreferabletoestimateforthepeakmonthorpeakdayoftheweekratherthantheannualaverageofdailytrafficvolume.Inthiscase,thevaluesareconvertedusingequation (2.2.10)or(2.2.11),respectively,andaddedtothetrafficvolume.
Dailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)inpeakmonth=Tripgenerationandattractionperyear・m (2.2.10)
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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Dailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)onpeakdayofweek=Tripgenerationandattractionperyear・w (2.2.11)
where,m =monthlypeakratiow=day-of-weekpeakratio
(b)AdjustmentoftheshareoflargevehiclesIn general, the share of large vehicles in the port-related traffic volumes is larger than that in the trafficvolumesforwhichthecityplanningortheroadplanningisintended.Therefore,addingoftrafficvolumesbasedontheactualnumberofvehiclesundertheconditionwherebothsharesoflargevehiclesdifferleadstounderestimationoftheport-relatedtrafficvolumes.Asaresult,itgivestheinordinateburdeninexcessoftheactualconditiontothehinterland. Therefore,whentheratiooflargevehiclestoallvehiclesderivedintheprocessofestimatingtheincomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeassociatedwithports isdifferent from thatassumed incityplanningor roadplanning, it isnecessary tocorrect theshareof largevehicles toadjust the incomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeassociatedwithportstothehinterlandusingequation (2.2.12).Inequation (2.2.12),coefficientforconversionofalargevehicleintopassengervehiclesis2.0.
Trafficvolumecorrectedbytheshareoflargevehicles(vehicles/day) =[Dailytrafficvolumeconvertedfromtheannualincoming
andoutgoingtrafficvolume(vehicles/day)]・ (2.2.12)
where, T-port :Shareoflargevehiclesassumedforroadsintheport(%) T-town :Shareoflargevehiclesassumedforroadsattheperipheryoftheport
(5)EstimationoftheDesignHourlyTrafficVolumeofRoadsinaPort
① CalculationmethodofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeThedesignhourly trafficvolume inbothdirectionswhich is required for determining thenumberof lanesmaybecalculatedfromtheestimateddesigndailytrafficvolumeusingequation(2.2.13).Designhourlytrafficvolume(vehicles/hour)
=Designtrafficvolume(vehicles/day) (2.2.13)
where, K :Ratioofthedesignhourlytrafficvolume(usuallythe30thhourlytrafficvolume)tothedesign
dailytrafficvolume(annualaveragedailytrafficvolume)(%)
ItispreferabletodeterminethevalueofKcorrespondingtothe30thperhourtrafficvolume(hereinafterreferredtoas“theK30value”)basedonthecharacteristicsofeachport.ThereareseveralmethodstoestimatetheK30value:theestimationusingamodelwhichincludesthedesigndailytrafficvolume.Thefollowingshowstheconcretetechniquesofeachmethod.
②EstimationmethodbasedonmeasuredvaluesofsimilarroadsorsurroundingroadsIngeneraltrafficvolumestudies,becausefew24hourmeasurementsandannualcontinuousmeasurementsareperformed,Traffic Volume of Roads7)providesequation(2.2.14)forestimationoftheK30valuefromordinaryobservationstudydata.Accordingly,thevaluecalculatedfromordinaryobservationdataofsimilarroadsusingequation(2.2.14)canbeusedastheK30value.
K30=100{(aQp+b)/Q12} (2.2.14)where,
K30 :percentage(%)of30thhourlytrafficvolumerelativetodesigntrafficvolume(annualaverageofdailytrafficvolume).Provided,however,thatK30is18%orless.
Qp :peakhourlytrafficvolume(totalofinboundandoutbound)(vehicles/hour)Q12 :daytime12-hourhourlytrafficvolume(totalofinboundandoutbound)(vehicles/hour) a,b :coefficientsforcalculating30thhourlytrafficvolumefrompeakhourlytrafficvolume;values
areshowninTable 2.2.1.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Table 2.2.1 Coefficients for Calculating 30th Hourly Traffic Volume from Peak Hourly Traffic Volume
Roadsidecondition a bCity 1.12 20.4
Flatlandarea 1.06 167.5Mountainousarea 1.01 377.6
③EstimationmethodusingmodelformulaTheK30valuemaybeestimatedfromtheannualaveragedailytrafficvolumefortheroadinthetargetportusingequation (2.2.15).TherationaleforthiscalculationisdescribedinReference1).
(2.2.15)where,
AADT:Annualaverageofdailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)
K30
val
ue (%
)
y = 248.9x-0.3283
R2 = 0.7435
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 10,000
Annual average daily traffic volume (AADT): vehicles/day
20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Fig. 2.2.4 Relationship between Annual Average of Daily Traffic Volume and K30 Valueand its Model Formula
(6)DeterminationoftheNumberofLanesofRoadsinaPort
① BasicprinciplesfordeterminingthenumberoflanesofroadsaportWhendeterminingthenumberoflanesofroadsinaport,itshallbeprimarilyjudgedwhether2lanesforbothdirections is sufficient toaccommodate the trafficvolumes, comparing thedesignhourly trafficvolume forbothdirectionswiththedesignstandardtrafficvolume.Thatis,ifthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforbothdirectionsfortheroadinthetargetportisequaltoorlessthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumevaluefor2lanes,thenumberoflanesforbothdirectionsshallbe2. Ifthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforbothdirectionsoftheroadinthetargetportislargerthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumevaluefor2lanes,theroadshallhavetwoormorelanesineachdirection.Inthiscase,thenumberoflanesforonedirectionshallbesetbasedoncomparisonofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionandthedesignstandardtrafficvolumesformultiplelanes.Thetotalnumberoflanesofaportroadshallinprinciplebesetsothatthetotalnumberoflanesmaybetwotimesthenumberoflanesforonedirectionsetbasedontheheavier-trafficdirectiontrafficvolume,becausethetotalnumberoflanesisusuallyanevennumber.
② Criteriaforsetting2lanesforbothdirectionsWhensettingthenumberoflanes,thenumberoflanesinthefollowingcasesshallbe2.
(a) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)
<650(vehicles/hour) (2.2.16)
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
–923–
(b)Othersroads:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)
<500(vehicles/hour) (2.2.17)
③ Determinationmethodofthenumberoflanesformulti-laneroads(2ormorelanesinoneside)
(a) JudgmentastowhethermultiplelanesarerequiredWhensettingthenumberoflanes, thenumberoflanesinthefollowingcasesshallbemultilane, ie. 2ormorelanesinonedirection.Inthiscase,thenumberoflanesinonedirectionmaybesetaccordingtotheproceduresdescribedin(b)and(c).
1) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)
>650(vehicles/hour) (2.2.18)
2) Otherroads:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)
>500(vehicles/hour) (2.2.19)
(b)Estimationofthedesigndirection-specifichourlytrafficvolumesThedesignhourly trafficvolumefor theheavier-trafficdirectionmaybecalculatedfromthedesigndailytrafficvolumeusingequation (2.2.20).
Designhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour)
=Designdailytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour) (2.2.20)where,
D :Ratioofthetrafficvolumeintheheavier-trafficdirectiontothedesignhourlytrafficvolume(%)
If the traffic volumes are analyzed on an hour-by-hour basis, it can be seen that the peak-hour trafficvolumesinbothdirectionsdiffersignificantly.Ifthenumbersoflanesaresetbasedonthetotalvalueofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumesinbothdirections,theserviceabilityoftheroadduringthepeakhourislow.Therefore,itispreferabletoestimatethedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionusingtheDvalue.Inaddition,itispreferabletosettheDvalueaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetports.
(c) DeterminationofthenumberoflanesofonesideThenumberoflanesofonesideinthecaseofamulti-laneroadmaybesetcomparingthedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionwiththedesignstandardtrafficvolumeformulti-laneroadswhichhave2ormorelanesineachdirectiondescribedabove.Inprinciple,theintegerobtainedbyroundinguptheresultofthecalculationwithequation (2.2.21)orequation(2.2.22)shallbeusedastherequirednumberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection.
1) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Numberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection(lanes) =Designhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour) /600(vehicles/hour/lane) (2.2.21)
2) Otherroads:Numberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection(lanes) =Designperhourtrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour) /350(vehicles/hour/lane) (2.2.22)
Thetotalnumberoflanesofaroadmaybesetbydoublingthenumberoflanesobtainedaccordingtotheaboveprocedures,becausethenumberoflanesoftheroadshouldbeanevennumberexceptforspecialcases.
④ EstimationoftheD valueProcedurestoestimatetheD valueinconcretewayareasfollows;theestimationfromresultsofcontinuoustraffic volume observations and the estimation from actualmeasurements taken on the routeswith similarcharacteristicsandtrafficconditions.Actualproceduresareshownbelow.
(a) EstimationmethodbasedontheactualmeasurementstakenonthesimilarroadsorontheneighboringroadsTraffic Capacities of Roads 9)presentsequation (2.2.23),whichusesheavier-trafficdirectioncoefficientsfor
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
thepeakhourofthesurveydaytoaccuratelycalculatethedifferencebetweenthetrafficvolumesinthetwooppositedirections,thinkingofthefactthattheDvalueisalmostconstantduringtheheavytraffichours.Inequation (2.2.23),thepassengervehicleequivalentnumberofvehicles(pcu/hour)forthe2oppositedirectionsisused.
(2.2.23)
where, D :Ratioofthetrafficvolumeintheheavier-trafficdirectiontothedesignhourlytrafficvolume(%) Pu :Trafficvolumeintheinbounddirectionduringthepeakhour(pcu/hour) Pd :Trafficvolumeintheoutbounddirectionduringthepeakhour(pcu/hour)
2.3 Clearance LimitsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichitisexpectedthatspecialvehiclesandsemi-trailertruckscarryinghighcubecontainersthatareinternationalshipcontainerswithaheightof9feetand6inchespass,theclearancelimitsshallbesetappropriatelyratherthanmerelyconformingtotheEnforcementRegulationsforRoadStructures,becauseitispossiblethattoapplyinthesameclearancelimitsforordinaryroadstotheportroadwouldcompromisesafety.
2.4 Widening of the Curved Sections of RoadsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,thecurvedsectionsshouldbewidenedappropriatelyaccordingtothedesignvehicles.
2.5 Longitudinal SlopesInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,thelongitudinalslopesshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothedesignvehicles,incarefulconsiderationofthefactthatthetravelingspeedsofvehiclestendtodecreaseasthegradientincreasesandthismaysignificantlyreducethetrafficcapacityoftheroad.
2.6 Level CrossingsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,levelcrossingsshouldbedesignedgivingdue consideration to the behavior of large vehicleswhichhave lowdriving performance such as the acceleratingperformanceatstart.
2.7 Performance Verification of Pavements
(1)BasicFundamentalsforPerformanceVerificationCementconcreteorasphaltpavementisgenerallyusedasthepavementofaportroad.ItisgenerallypreferabletoverifytheperformanceofcementconcreteandasphaltpavementsinaccordancewiththeproceduresshowninFig. 2.2.5andFig. 2.2.6,respectively.
Determination of the design conditions
Evaluation of the actions on the pavement
Examination of the stability against the surcharges
Determination of the design of the joints
Determination of the total thickness of the pavement
Examination of the depth of frost penetration depth
(Design traffic volume for the unit section, with or without such vehicles as mobile cranes and tractor-semitrailers, and weather conditions)
Estimation of the distributions of the wheel loads of moving vehicles
Fig. 2.2.5 Example of Performance Verification Procedure for Cement Concrete Pavements
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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Determination of the design conditions
Evaluation of the actions
Examination of the stability against the surcharges
Determination of the thickness of each part of the pavement
Determination of the composition of the pavement
Determination of the total thickness of the pavement
Examination of the depth of frost penetration depth
(Design traffic volume for the unit section, with or without such vehicles as mobile cranes and tractor-semitrailers)
Determination of the cumulative 5 ton equivalent number of wheels
Fig. 2.2.6 Example of Performance Verification Procedure for Asphalt Concrete Pavements
(2)PerformanceVerification
①The Guidelines for Designing and Constructing Pavements10)present,as themethodofdetermining thetrafficvolumesforstructuraldesignofpavements,(a)themethodbasedonthelargevehicletrafficvolumeand(b)themethodbasedonthewheelloadsofmovingvehicles.
(a)MethodbasedonlargevehicletrafficvolumeThemethodbasedon the largevehicle trafficvolume is thatbasedon theaverage trafficvolumeof largevehicles(numberofvehicles・day・direction)duringthedesignworkinglifeandispopularlyusedforordinaryroadpavements.TheAsphaltPavingGuidelinespresentthefollowingclassificationofdesigntrafficvolumesaccordingtothelargevehicletrafficvolume:
LTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan100vehiclesATraffic:thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan250vehiclesandnotlessthan100vehiclesBTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan1000vehiclesandnotlessthan250vehiclesCTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan3000vehiclesandnotlessthan1000vehiclesDTraffic:thelargevehicletrafficvolumeis3000vehiclesormore
In the Guidelines, the term “large vehicles” stands for ordinary freight vehicles, buses and specialvehicles.
(b)ThemethodbasedonthewheelloadsofmovingvehiclesThemethodbased on thewheel loads ofmoving vehicles is themethod to estimate the size distributionofmovingvehicles. Thecumulative5-ton-equivalentnumberofwheelsduring thedesignworkinglife iscalculatedfromthenumbersofmovingvehiclesforeachwheelloadrange,takingintoaccounttheratesoftrafficvolumeincrease.Whenconvertingthetrafficvolume(Ni)forthegivenwheelload(Pi)intothetrafficvolume(Ni5)forthe5-tonwheelload,theso-called“fourthpowermethod”showninequation(2.2.24) isused.
(2.2.24)where,
Ni5 :trafficvolumeforthe5-tonwheelload(vehicles/day) Pi :wheelload(kN) Ni :trafficvolume(vehicles/day)
② Themethod described in (a) above is simpler than themethod described in (b). However, in caseswherecircumstancesrequire,suchaswhereitisexpectedthatheavyvehiclessuchassemi-trailertrucksandmobilecranesgothrough,itispreferabletoapply(b)inwhichthepropertiesofthetrafficcanbeconsidered.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
References
1) Takahashi,H.:Studyofdesigning roads in theportarea Astandard fordesigning roads in theportarea :Aproposal-,ResearchReportofNationalInstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagementNo.21,2005
2) InformationManagement Department, policy Bureau,Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: Port Statistics (2002),,2004
3) MinistryofLand,InfrastructureandTransport(MLIT):SurveyReportofNationalCargoNetFlow,MLIT,20024) Trafficsurveydivision,UrbantransportBureau,MinistryofConstruction:Manualforplanningoftransportrelatedtolarge
scaledevelopmentzones,Gyosei,19995) JapanPortAssociation,Manualfordevelopmentofportgreenbelt,JapanPortAssociation,19766) JSCEEdition:TransportPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering60,Giho-doPublishing,19937) JapanRoadAssociation:Trafficcapacityofroads,JapanRoadsAssociation,19848) OKUDA,K.,MURATA,T.andOKANO,H.:AnAnalysisonCharacteristicsoftheRoadTrafficinPortAreaBasedonthe
YearlyTrafficObservation,TechnicalNoteofPHRINo.876,19979) JSCE:ConcreteStandardSpecifications,Specificationsforconcrete(Pavement),200210) JapanRosaAssociation:Guidelinefordesignandconstructionofpavement,2001
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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3 Tunnels Constructed by the Immersed Tunnel MethodMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Roads
Article 36 1Theperformancerequirementsforroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)RoadsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand
Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthetrafficcharacteristicsintheport.
(2)Damageduetoimposedloadsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadswithoutimpairingtheirfunctions.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforroadshavingtunnelsectionsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Damageduetoselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,andLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,
and/orotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadsandnotimpairtheirfunctions.
(2)DamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,flamesandheatfromfires,and/orotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredfortheroadsconcerned.
Public NoticePerformance Criterion of Underwater Tunnels
Article 77 1 Theperformancecriteriaofunderwatertunnelsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Underwatertunnelsshallbecoveredwithanappropriatematerialoftherequiredthicknesssoasto
securetheintegrityofthestructuralmembersandthestabilityoftheirstructuresagainstdroppinganddraggingofshipanchors,scouringofseabedbywavesand/orcurrents,andothers.
(2)Underwatertunnelsshallbeequippedwiththecontrolfacilitiesnecessaryfortheirsafeandsmoothuse.
(3)ThedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionsofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,andfiresandheatbyfires,whicharethedominantactionsintheaccidentalactionsituations,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofunderwatertunnelsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Theriskoffailureduetoinsufficientbearingcapacityofthefoundationgroundunderthepermanent
actionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisselfweight,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.(2)The riskof impairing the integrityof structuralmembersunder thepermanent action situation, in
whichthedominantactionisearthpressures,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.(3)The riskoffloating-upof the immersed tunnel elements, ventilation facilities and shafts under the
variableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactioniswaterpressures,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.
(4)Theriskofimpairingtheintegrityofstructuralmembersandlosingthestabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilities,shafts,jointsectionsandothersunderthevariableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofUnderwaterTunnels①Commonitemsforallunderwatertunnels(a)Covering(usability)
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Whendeterminingthecoveringmaterialandcoveringthicknessintheperformanceverificationofanunderwatertunnel,appropriateconsiderationshouldbegiventothestabilityoftheunderwatertunnelagainstuplifting,theeffectsofthepenetrationofanchorscausedbycastinganddraggingfromshipsnavigatingovertheunderwatertunnelandthescouringofthecoveringsectionsduetowaterflowsandwaves.
(b)Accidentalsituations(restorability)1) Thesettingsoftheperformancecriteriacommontounderwatertunnelsandthedesignsituations
limiting to accidental situations are shown inAttached Table 63. [The reasonwhy setting“damages” as the verification item in theAttached Table 63 is that it aims to describe in acomprehensivemannerconsideringthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeofthefacility].
Attached Table 63 Settings relating to the Design Situations limiting to Accidental Situations and Performance Criteria Common to All Underwater Tunnels
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Paragraph
Situation DominatingactionNon-
dominatingaction
35 2 − 77 1 3 Restorability Accidental Flamesandheatduetofires
− Damages −
36 2 2 L2earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures,surcharges
2) FlamesandheatduetofiresWhenverifyingtheperformanceofanunderwatertunnelintheaccidentalsituationsofflamesandheatduetofires,theactionofflamesandheatduetofiresshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothetypesofvehicleswhichareexpectedtogothroughtheunderwatertunnel,andthemembersoftheunderwatertunnelshouldbecoveredwithrefractorymaterialasnecessary.
②Immersedtunnels(serviceability)(a)Theperformancecriteriaofimmersedtunnelsshallbepursuanttotheperformancecriteriacommon
tounderwatertunnels.Thesettingsoftheperformancecriteriaforimmersedtunnelsandthedesignsituations(excludingaccidentalsituations)areshowninAttached Table-64.
Attached Table 64 Settings relating to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria of Immersed Tunnels
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
VerificationitemIndexof
standardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Paragraph
Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction
35 2 − 77 2 1 Serviceability Permanent Selfweight Waterpressures,earthpressures,surcharges
Bearingcapacityofthefoundationground
Bearingcapacitylimitvalue
36 2 1 2 Earthpressures Selfweight,waterpressures,surcharges
Soundnessofmembers −
3 Variable Waterpressures Selfweight,earthpressures,surcharges
Upliftingofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshafts
−
4 L1earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures,surcharges
Stabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshafts
−
Soundnessofmembers −Stabilityofjointsections −
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–929–
(b)SoundnessofmembersWhenverifyingtheperformanceofmembersofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirsoundnessshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnelandthematerialsofthemembers.
(c)Stabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshaftsWhenverifyingtheperformanceofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshaftsofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnel.
(d)StabilityofjointsectionsWhenverifyingtheperformanceofjointsectionsofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnelandthematerialsandstructuresofthejointsections.Thestabilityofjointsectionsshallincludesecuringofwaterproofpropertyofjointsections.
[Technical Note]
3.1 General
(1)Theexplanationsinthissectionmaybeusedfortheperformanceverificationsoftunnelsconstructedofroadsinaportbytheimmersedtunnelmethod(hereinafterreferredtoasimmersedtunnels).Fortunnelsofotheruseorothertype,itisnecessarytoapplyotherrelevantstandards.
(2)In the performance verifications of immersed tunnels for port roads,The Technical Manual for Immersed Tunnels1)maybeusedasareference.Whenmakingageneralstudyonthedesign,fabricationandconstructionoftheimmersedtunnelmethod,Reference2)mayserveasareference.Inaddition,whenexaminingtheseismic-resistantperformance,itispreferabletouseReference3)asareference.
Immersed tunnel element
Ventilation tower Ventilation tower
Access road
Open-cutsection
Open-cutsection
Open-cutsection
Open-cutsection
Land tunnelsection
Land tunnelsectionImmersed tunnel section
Immersed tunnelAccess road
Fig. 3.1.1 Definitions of Immersed Tunnel-related Terms
3.2 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1)Thelocation,alignment,andcross-sectionalprofileofanimmersedtunnelshallbeappropriatelysetaccordingtotheusecondition,thenaturalconditionsofwaterareawherethetunnelisconstructed.
(2)Whendetermining the cross section of an immersed tunnel, the traffic volumeof vehicles, the ratio of largevehiclesinallvehicles,theneedforasidewalk,theneedforabicycletrack,thetypesofcablesandpipesinutilityducts,transportofhazardousmaterials,theexistenceornonexistenceofatollgate,andtheconnectionswithotherroadsshouldbeexaminedinadvance. Sufficient consideration should also be given to the future development plans of other related facilitiesincludingthoseconcerningthepossibilityofdeepeningwaterwaysabovetheimmersedtunnel.Inaddition,itisalsopreferabletostudyadequatelythefutureutilizationplan,becauseitisdifficultforanimmersedtunneltoenhanceitsfunctionssuchaswideningofitswidthonceithasbeencompleted.
(3)Ifpedestrianandbicycletracksaretobeinstalled,dueconsiderationshouldbegiventousebytheelderlyandthephysicallyhandicappedpersons.
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(4)Mainbodyofanimmersedtunnelshallbeafireproofstructure,andsafetyfacilitiesandequipment,andevacuationpassagesforuseunderfireshallbeprovided.Inaddition,evacuationpassagesandemergencytelephonesforuseintheeventofanaccidentoradisastershouldbeprovidedasnecessary.
(5)Thelongitudinalslopeofanimmersedtunnelmaybemadeassteepaspossiblewithintherestrictionofdesignspeedfortheroadtoenablereductionofconstructioncostingeneral.However,considerationshouldbegiventothefactthatsmokeanddustconcentrationintheexhaustgasofvehiclesincreasesrapidlyastheslopebecomessteeper,thusraisingthecostofventilationequipment.
(6)ImmersedTunnelElements
①Thestructural typesof immersed tunnelelementsareclassified intosteel shell type, reinforcedconcreteorprestressedconcretetype,andcompositeorhybridtype.Themostappropriatestructureshouldbeselectedinlightoftheirindividualcharacteristics.
② Asteelshelltypeimmersedtunnelelementisconstructedbybuildingthesteelshellfirstandthenfillingtheinsidespaceof theshellwithconcrete. Theloads thatactonacompletedsteelshell typeimmersedtunnelelement are basically borne by the reinforced concrete in the steel shell. Concrete type immersed tunnelelementsalsohaveacoveringmadeofthinsteelsheetforprotectionandwaterproofing.Therefore,thereisnoclearessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwotypes.Itisconsideredthatinacompositetype,concreteandsteelsheetareintegratedwithshearconnectorsandthatnotonlytheconcretebutalsothesteelsheetbearstheloads.
③ Steelshelltypeimmersedtunnelelementsrequirealargeamountofsteel,butdonotalwaysrequireadrydockbecausetheycanbeconstructedinashipway.Ontheotherhand,concretetypeimmersedtunnelelementsdonotrequirealargeamountofsteel,butdorequireadeepdrydock.Whenselectingthetypeofanimmersedtunnelelementinaspecificcase,considerationshouldbegiventothefabricationyard,economicalefficiency,andconstructability.
④Compositetypeelements,particularlythatofsteel-concretecombinedstructure,maybedesignedandconstructedaccordingtothereferences4)and5).
(7)ManagementFacilitiesandEquipmentManagementfacilitiesandequipmentincludethefacilitiesandequipmentforventilation,emergency,lighting,electric-power,securityandmeasurement,monitoringandcontrol,anddrainage.Incaseswhereaventilationtower isconstructedasaventilationfacility, it isnecessarytoallocatefunctionallytheventilationequipment,electricalequipment,controlequipmentandotherancillaryequipment.Itisalsonecessarytoinstallconnectionductsthatconnecttheventilationtowerwiththemainbodyofthetunnel,inletportsandexhaustportssothatefficientventilationmaybeachieved.
3.3 Determination of the Basic Cross Section
(1) ImmersedTunnelElements
① Thetopsurfaceofimmersedtunnelelementsshallbecoveredwithappropriatematerialoftherequiredthicknesssothatthestructuralsafetyoftheelementsmaybeensuredtakingintoconsiderationthepenetrationdepthofanchorcausedbycastinganddraggingofship’sanchor,thefrequenciesofanchoringanddraggingofanchor,thebuoyancyofthetunnel,andthescouringduetowavesandwaterflows.Inprinciple,itispreferablethatthethicknessofthecoverlayer,whichincludesthethicknessoftheconcretelayerstoprotecttheupperslab,is1.5morgreater
② Thedepthofimmersionshallbesetappropriatelyinconsiderationofanyfutureplanofdeepeningofthewaterinandaroundthetunnel.
③ Thestructuraltypeandthelengthofanimmersedtunnelelementshallbedeterminedinconsiderationofthesectionalforces, thejointstructure, thesizeofthefabricationyard,thetunnelelementinstallationandjointconstructionmethods, and the economical efficiencyof the immersed tunnel structure including joints. Ingeneral,animmersedtunnelelementlengthofaround100misemployed.
④Inaccordancewiththestructureofanimmersedtunnelelement,fireproofmaterialmayberequired.Insuchcases, the thickness of fireproofmaterial shall be considered in determining the dimensions of inner crosssectionofthetunnel.
(2)VentilationTowers
① Thestructuresoftheventilationtowersforanimmersedtunnelneedtobestudiedwithanappropriatemethodcorrespondingtothecharacteristicsofthefacilitiesandgrounds.
②Ventilationmachines,electricalfacilitiesandequipment,andcontrolfacilitiesandequipmentshouldbeinstalled
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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functionally inaventilation tower. Itsstructureshouldbeequippedwith inletandoutletports forefficientventilationaswellaswithconnectingductstotheimmersedtunnelitself.
③Sufficientspaceshouldbeprovidedinsideaventilationtowersothatmonitoring,inspection,andminorrepairoftheinstalledequipmentcanbeperformedsmooth.Inparticular,largecomponentssuchasventilationmachinesshouldbesodesignedthattheirtransportintoandoutofthetoweriseasilyexecuted.
④Thelocationandstructureofinletportsshouldbesuchthattheintakeofexhaustgasfromtheoutletorfromtheentranceofthetunneliskeptaslittleaspossible.
⑤Thelocationofoutletportsshouldensurethatconcentrationofexhaustgasatthegroundlevelremainsunderatolerablelevel.
⑥ Ashaftgenerallydoublesasaventilationtower,buttheycanbeseparated.
⑦ Aventilationtowerhastheventilationfunctionanditispreferablethatsufficientconsiderationisgiventothedesignoftheventilationtowerinharmonywiththesurroundinglandscapes.
(3)AccessRoads
①Thestructureofaccessroadsshallbedesignedwithdueconsiderationtothetrafficunderplanning,naturalconditions,socialconditions,constructionmethodsandconstructioncost.
② Theroadsurfaceelevationsoftheentryandexitsectionsofanaccessroadshouldbedeterminedtakingintoconsideration the connectionwith other roads, the elevation of the neighboring grounds, the infiltration ofseawaterorriverwaterduringstormsurges,andthelongitudinalgradientofanimmersedtunnel.
3.4 Performance Verification
(1)ExaminationoftheStabilityoftheImmersedTunnelSection
①Itshallbestandardtoexaminethestructuralstabilityoftheimmersedtunnelsectioninboththelongitudinalandtransversedirectionsofthetunnel.
②Whenexaminingthestabilityinthetransversedirectionoftheimmersedtunnel,itsmainbodymaybegenerallyregardedasarigidframestructure.Inthelongitudinaldirectionoftheimmersedtunnel,itsmainbodymayberegardedasabeamsupportedonelasticspringsoftheground.
③Whetherthefoundationhasthesufficientcapacitytosupporttheweightoftheimmersedtunnelincludingthesoilonitstopshouldbeexamined.Dueconsiderationshouldalsobegiventothesettlementoffoundation.
④Groundmotioncanbetransmittedtotheimmersedtunnelfromeverydirection.However,intheperformanceverification,thetunnelisusuallyexaminedfortwodirections;thetransversedirection,inwhichthetunnelissubjected to themaximumflexuralmomentandshearingforce,andthe longitudinaldirection, inwhichthetunnelissubjectedtothemaximumaxialforce.
⑤ Animmersedtunnelcanbeconstructedinasoftground. Insuchacase,it isnecessarytoconfirmthatnoslidingwilloccurinthesurroundinggroundwhensubjectedtogroundmotion.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoperformanalysesandevaluationstoensurestabilityagainstliquefaction.
⑥Appropriatematerials shouldbe selected forfillingconsidering the safetyagainst settlementandsurfacing,liquefactionduetoearthquake,andmaintenancedredgingtokeepthedepthofnavigationchannel.
⑦An immersed tunnel is a structure under the seabed and is often constructed in soft ground. Sufficientexaminationshouldbemadesothatitsfunctionsshouldnotbelostduetowaterseepagefromcracksorjoints.
(2)ExaminationoftheStabilityofImmersedTunnelElements
①Immersedtunnelelementsshallhavesafestructureinconsiderationofthefollowingfactorsasnecessary.
(a) watertightcapability(b)crackingoftheconcrete(c) upliftingoftheelementbodyduetobuoyancyafterinstallation(d)ventilationanddisasterpreventionfunctions(e) otherfunctionsattachedintheimmersedtunnelelements
② Itispreferabletoapplywaterproofcoatingonthecircumferenceoftheelementstomakeassurancedoublesureonwatertightness.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(3)ExaminationofJoints
① Jointsofanimmersedtunnelshallhavesafestructureagainstthestressesgeneratedbytheactionofgroundmotion.
②Thelocationandstructureofjointsofimmersedtunnelelementsarenormallydeterminedinconsiderationofthesizeof fabricationyard,shiftingofwaterways,capacityofconstructionmachines,unevensettlementofthefoundationaftercompletion,andinfluenceoftemperaturevariation.However,thelocationandstructureofjointsarealsoimportantfactorsinassessingtheearthquakeresistanceofanimmersedtunnel.Thus,theearthquakeresistanceneedstobeadequatelyexaminedwhendeterminingthejointlocationandstructure.
③ Ajointbetweenanimmersedtunnelelementandaventilationtowershouldalsobeanalyzedandevaluatedadequatelyinthesamemannerasinthecaseofjointsbetweenimmersedtunnelelements.
④ Immersed tunnel joints aregenerally classified into two structural types: “continuous structure”whichhasthesamestiffnessandstrengthasthoseofthecrosssectionsoftheimmersedtunnelelementssoastoenduredeformation,strainduringthepermanentactions,earthquakeandotheractions;and“flexiblestructure”whichhas thesufficientflexibility toabsorb thedeformationsduring thepermanentactions,earthquakeandotheractions
⑤ Thewaterpressureconnectionmethodandtheunderwaterconcretecastingmethodarepopularastheconnectionmethodforconnectingimmersedtunnelelementstogetherunderwaterandmakingtheprimarywatersealing.Inrecentyears,thewaterpressureconnectionmethodhasbeenusedmorethantheunderwaterconcretecastingmethod.
⑥ For joints of the last part of an immersed tunnel, the dryworkmethod, thewaterproof panelmethod, theV-blockmethod,andthekeyelementmethodhavebeenproposed.Itispreferabletodeterminethemethodinconsiderationofthelocation,structure,constructionmethod,andworkability.
3.5 Structural Specifications
(1)Immersedtunnelsshallbeequippedwiththefollowingfacilitiesasnecessary:
(1)ventilationfacilities
(2)emergencyfacilities
(3)lightingequipment
(4)electricpowerfacilities
(5)securityandinstrumentationequipment
(6)monitoringandcontrolfacilities
(7)drainagefacilities
(2)Ventilation is essential forpreventing theadverse effectof exhaustgas frommotorvehicleson theair insidetunnels.Althoughnaturalventilationmaybesufficientforshorttunnels,ventilationfacilitiesshallbeinstalledforimmersedtunnelsofroadsinaport.
References
1) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:TechnicalManualforimmersedtunnel(RevisedEdition),20022) Kiyomiya,T.,K.Sonoda,M.Takahashi:Designandconstructionofimmersedtunnels,Gihi-doPublishing,20023) EarthquakeEngineeringCommittee,Sub-committeeonEarthquake-resistantperformanceoftunnel,:Earthquake-resistant
designoftunnelandproblems,19984) Coastal Development Institute of Technology: Design of steel-concrete sandwich structure type immersed tunnels and
constructionofhigh-fluidityconcrete,19965) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:Manualfortheconstructionofhigh-fluidityfillingconcretethatisconstructed
with simultaneous use of vibrator and that is designed for the use for steel-concrete sandwich structure type immersedtunnels,2004
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
–933–
4 Parking LotsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Parking Lots
Article 37 Theperformancerequirementsforparkinglotsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)ParkinglotsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transport
andTourismforthesafeparkingofvehicleswithouthinderingportutilizationandthesafeandsmoothflowoftraffic.
(2)Damageduetoimposedloadshallnotadverselyaffectthefunctionandcontinueduseofparkinglots.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Parking Lots
Article 78 1Theprovisionsinitems(1)and(5)ofArticle76shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofparkinglotswithmodificationasnecessary.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofparkinglotsshallbesuchthatthesize,locationandlayoutofparkinglotsareappropriatelysetinconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsofthefacilitiesconcernedandthesurroundingarea,andothers.
[Technical Note]
4.1 Examination of Size and Location of Parking Lots
(1)Thesizeandlocationofaparkinglotshallbedeterminedsoasnottoposeanyobstacletotheuseofportfacilitiesandthesmoothroadtraffic,inconsiderationofthetrafficgeneratedinaportandtheconditionofroadsinthevicinity.
(2)Aparkinglotshallnotbelocatedonaroad.Iftopographicalconditionsorotherreasonsnecessitateaparkinglottobelocatedonaroadsthesizeandlocationofaparkinglotshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:
①Itshallnotbelocatedonaroadconnectingaportandamajorinlandhighway.
②Itshallnotbelocatedataplacewhichmayhindervehiclesfromgoinginandoutthecargohandlingareaorsheds.
③ It shall notbe located at aplace adjacent to adangerous cargohandlingarea,unless there areunavoidablereasonsincludingtopographicalconditions.
(3)Thewidthofroadwaysintheparkinglot,thesizeofparkingstalls,andthewidthofroadwaysforgoinginreverseandturningintoparkingstallsshallbedeterminedappropriatelyaccordingtothetypeofcarsusingtheparkinglot,theparkingangle,andtheparkingmethod.
4.2 Performance Verification
(1)DesignVehicleWhen setting the design vehicle in the performance verification, not only special vehicles including tractor-semitrailersandnewstandardvehiclesbutalsovehiclescarriedonferries,ROROvessels,PCCshipsmaybeselectedasthedesignvehicle.
(2)SizeandLocation
①Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaparkinglot,itisnecessarytodetermineitssizeandlocationsothattheoriginatingandterminatingtrafficfromtheobjectiveparkinglotmaynothinderthesmoothtrafficinaport,givingproperconsiderationtotheparkingdemandgeneratedaccompanyingtheanticipatedportactivitiesandtheutilizationcircumstancesofthesurroundingroads.
②LocationIn principle, parking lots shall not be located on roads taking into consideration the characteristics of thetraffic inaport. Provided,however, that incaseswhereaparking lothas tobe locatedona roadbecauseof unavoidable reasons including topographical constraint, the objective parking lot shall set the following
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
requirementsregardingdispositionasnecessary:
・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedonarterialroadsthatconnecttheportwithaninlandarea.
・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedataplacewhichmayhindervehiclesfromgoinginandoutthecargohandlingareaorsheds.
・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedataplaceadjacenttoadangerouscargohandlingarea.
(3)ParkingLotsforMooringFacilitiesforFerries
① Aparkinglotformooringfacilitiesforferriesshouldhavesufficientspacetakingintoconsiderationthenumberofvehiclescarriedontherelevantferries,theutilizationrateandtheconcentrationratesoasnottomaketheneighboringtrafficconditionsworse.
②Whendeterminingtheareaofaparkinglot,itispreferabletoconsiderthefollowingfactors:
(a) thenumberofberths
(b)thenumberofvehiclescarriedonaferry(boththenumberofpassengercarsandtrucks)
(c) thearrivalanddepartureintervalsofferriesandtheloadingandunloadingtime
(d)thearrivalpatternsofvehicles(patternsofbothpassengercarsandtrucks)
(e) theoperationsystemofaparkinglot
③ Theareaofaparkinglotonaferrywharfissometimesdeterminedbymultiplyingtheareaof50m2requiredtoparkan8-tonvehiclebythemaximumnumberof8-ton-equivalentvehiclescarriedontheferrywhichusesthewharf.Inaddition,itisalsonecessarytotakeintoaccounttheratioofthevehicleswhicharetransportedontheferrieswithoutadriverandtheratiooftrailers.
References
1) JapanAssociationofcarparkengineers:CarParkManual,1981,(additionalMaterial)19902) JapanRoadAssociation:GuidelineandcommentaryforDesignandconstructionofcarpark,19923) JapanRoadAssociation:Commentaryofenforcementregulationsforroadstructuresandapplication,MaruzenPublishing,
execution,pp.623-631,2004
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
–935–
5 BridgesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Bridges
Article 38 1 Theperformancerequirementsforbridgesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)BridgesshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand
Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthecharacteristicsoftrafficintheport.
(2)Damageduetoselfweight,variablewaves,Level1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,winds,and ship collisions, and/orother actions shall not adversely affect the continueduseof saidbridgewithoutimpairingitsfunction.
(3)EvenincasesthatthefunctionsofbridgesareimpairedbydamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,suchdamageshallnothaveaseriouseffectonthestructuralsafetyofthebridges.Provided,however, thatas for theperformance requirements forbridgeswhich requires further improvementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialconditionsand/orotherconditionstowhich thebridgesconcernedaresubjected, thedamageshallnotadverselyaffect the restorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthebridgesconcerned.
2In addition to the requirements provided in the preceding paragraphs (1) and (2), the performancerequirementsforthebridgeconstitutingapartofaroadwhichisconnectedtohighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffect restoration throughminor repairworksof the functions requiredof thebridgeconcerned intheaftermathof theoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.Provided,however, thatas fortheperformancerequirementsforthebridgewhichrequiresfurtherimprovementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialconditionsand/orotherconditionstowhichthebridgeconcernedissubjected,damageduetosaidactionsshallnotaffecttherestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthebridgeconcernedanditscontinueduse.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Bridges
Article 79 Theperformancecriteriaofbridgesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)In the case of a bridgewhich overpasses the facilities towhich the Technical Standards apply or
equivalentfacilities,thepiers,girders,andothersofthebridgeshallbeinstalledinsuchawaythattheydonotadverselyaffectthesafeandsmoothuseofrespectivefacilities.
(2)Fenders shall be provided as necessary to prevent the damage to piers thatmay be caused by thecollisionofships.
(3)Thedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionbycollisionofaship,whichisthedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofBridges①Bridgesassociatedwitha road that connects toahighearthquake-resistance facility (restorability,
serviceability)PerformancecriteriashallbesettosecurerestorabilityagainstaccidentalsituationsassociatedwithLevel2earthquakegroundmotion.Inaddition,itshallalsobesetforthebridgewhichisrequiredtohaveenhancedseismicresistanceaccordingtothenaturalandsocialconditionssurroundingtheobjective bridge to ensure serviceability. Provided, however, that serviceability is a performancerequirementregardingthefunctionswhicharerequiredofthebridgeafteritissubjectedtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotion,andisnottheperformancerequirementregardingtheoriginalfunctionsrequiredofthebridgeinordinaryconditions.
②Accidental situations where the dominating action is the collision of ships against the bridge(serviceability)
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
ThesettingsrelatingtotheperformancecriteriaanddesignsituationslimitingtoaccidentalsituationsforbridgesareshowninAttached Table 65.DamagesaresetastheverificationiteminAttached Table 65,becauseverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeoftherelevantbridge.
Attached Table 65 Settings relating to the Performance Criteria and Design Situations Common to All Bridges
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
VerificationitemIndexof
standardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Paragraph
Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction
38 1 3 79 1 3 Serviceability Accidental Collisionofshipsagainstthebridge
Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures,surcharges
Damages −
[Technical Note]
5.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1)Abridgecrossingoverthespaceaboveanywaterwayorbasinshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:
①Thebridgegirdersshallbeconstructedatanappropriateelevationabovethehighesthighwaterleveltoensuresafenavigationofships.
②Thebridgepiersshallneitherbelocatednearthewaterwaynorobstructthenavigationofships,unlessthesafetyofnavigationisensuredotherwise.
③Indicatorsorsignsshallbepostedasnecessarytopreventshipsfromcollidingwiththebridgegirdersorpiers.
(2)Abridgecrossingoverthespaceaboveanymooringequipmentorcargohandlingfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:
①Thelocationofpiersandtheelevationofgirdersshallbesetappropriatelysothattheymaynotobstructthesafeandsmoothuseofthemooringorcargohandlingfacilities.
②Indicatorsorsignsshallbepostedasnecessarytopreventcargohandlingequipmentandvehiclesfromcollidingwiththebridgepiersorgirders.
(3)Thebase level for indicating thebridgeheightabove thewatersurfaceshallbe thenearlyhighesthighwaterlevel.ThenearlyhighesthighwaterlevelasthereferencewaterlevelwasadoptedinresponsetothedecisionbytheInternationalHydrographicOrganization(IHO)sayingthat“whengraphingtheheightofabridgeoveranavigablewaterway,itmustbeindicatedtheminimumverticalclearanceheight.”
(4)Thedesignofabridgeshouldtakeintoconsiderationthefuturesituationoftheactivitiesintheareawhenthereisanyarealdevelopmentplan.
(5)Whendeterminingtheclearanceforthecasewhereabridgeisconstructedoverpassingashipnavigatingwaterway,thefollowingfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsideration:
① Heightbetweenthewatersurfaceandthehighestpointofthenavigatingship
② Tides
③ Trimsofships
④Waveheights
⑤ PsychologicaleffectsonshipcrewTheclearancefromthenearlyhighesthighwaterlevelshouldbedeterminedbyaddinganallowancewhichissettakingintoconsiderationtheabove-mentionedfactorsandotherrelevantfactorstotheheightbetweenthewatersurfaceandthehighestpointofanavigatingship.Inthecaseofabridgelocatedinarivermoutharea,itispreferabletopayfullattentiontothedesignriverhigh-waterlevelaswell. The height between the water surface and the highest point of a navigating ship should be determinedappropriatelyonthestudiesregardingactualconditionsandfuturetrendsoftheshipsenteringtheport,becauseitvarieswidelydependingontheshiptype,andshipsize.AstudycaseontheshipheightbyTakahashietal.10)maybeusedasareference.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
–937–
Whendeterminingtheclearanceforabridgecrossingoverthespaceabovehigh-voltagepowertransmissionlines,moresufficientallowanceshouldberequiredtopreventtheelectricdischarge. Whenplanningabridgenearanairport,fullattentionshouldalsobepaidtotherestrictedsurfaceslaiddownbytheAviation Law
(6)Asforthesceneryofabridge,sufficientconsiderationshouldbegiventothetopographicfeaturesoftherelevantportandthecharacteristicsofthelandscapeconsistingofmajorfacilitiesinandaroundtheport.
(7)BridgepiersandgirdersWhenexaminingbridgepiersandgirdersintheperformanceverificationofabridge,theheightofthegirdersshouldbesetatanappropriateheightfromthenearlyhighesthighwaterleveltoensurethesafetyofshipswhichnavigateundertherelevantbridgeandthatindicatorsandsignsshouldbeinstalledasnecessarytopreventthecollisionofshipsthatnavigateundertherelevantbridge,cargohandlingequipment,andvehiclesagainstthepiersandgirders.
5.2 Ensuring of Durability
(1)Examinationofbridgestructureandselectionofstructuralmaterialsshallbemadeappropriatelyinconsiderationofthenaturalconditionssurroundingthebridge.
(2)Paintingorothermeasures shouldbeadopted for steelbridges topreventor reduce thecorrosionof the steelmembersasnecessary.
(3)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaconcretebridge,itisnecessarytoappropriatelyevaluatetimewisechangesintheperformanceduetothedeteriorationofthesuperstructureandsubstructurecausedbysaltinjury.PerformanceverificationsofconcretebridgesmayfollowChapter 2, 1.1 General.
(4)Saltcontentusuallycomesflyingthroughseabreezeandseawatersplashesandadherestothebridgesinwaterfrontareas.Thereforeitisnecessarytopayattentiontothefactthatthesteelmembersofthesteelbridgesinwaterfrontareasaremorecorrosion-pronethanthoseofsteelbridgeslocatedininlandareas.
5.3 Performance Verification of Fenders
(1)Considerationshouldbegiventoprotectionofthebridgepierandreductionofdamageasaresultofimpactbyinstallingfendersonbridgepiersasnecessarywhichabsorbtheimpactforceatthetimeofcollision.
(2)Itispreferabletomaintainfendersingoodlocation.
(3)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofafenderforabridgepier,itshouldbeensuredthatthefenderhassufficientfunctionsatthetimeofcollisionofashiptakingintoconsiderationthefollowingcollisionconditionsandfenderperformance,andthatitalsohassufficientfunctionsagainsttheactionsofwaves,waterflows.
① Designshiptobeconsidered:typeandsize
② Collisionspeed:navigationspeedordriftspeed
③Modeofcollision:bowcollisionorhullcollision
④ AllowabledisplacementfortheshipandthefenderWithregardtothetypeandsizeofthedesignship,itispreferabletodeterminethemaximumshipsizebyshiptypebasedontheinvestigationonnavigatingshipsintheseaareawherethebridgeistobeconstructedandtodeterminetheshipsizetakingintoconsiderationthedamageoftheshipatthetimeofcollisionofsmallshipsasnecessary.Thecollisionspeedisusuallydeterminedbasedontheshiptrafficconditionsandtheflowconditionsof thewaterway. Themodeof collisionof ships is usually determinedbasedon the navigating conditionsaroundthepierforeachshiptypeandeachshipsize.
(4)Theperformanceoffendersmayusuallybeverifiedassumingtheabsorptionoftheshipcollisionenergyforbowcollisionsandhullcollisionsasfollows:
① Inthecaseofabowcollision,thecollisionenergyisabsorbedbythesumofthedisplacementofthefenderandthecrushdisplacementofthebow.
② Inthecaseofahullcollision,thecollisionenergyisabsorbedbythedisplacementofthefender.
(a)Withregard to thekineticenergyof thecollidedship,Part II, Chapter 8, 2.2 Actions Caused by Ship Berthingmaybeusedasareference.Provided,however,thatforbowcollisions,theeccentricityfactorCeandvirtualmassfactorCmmayusuallybesetat1.0and1.1,respectively,andtheshipflexibilityfactorCs andbridgepiershapefactorCcmayusuallybesetat1.0.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(b)The energy absorbed by the displacement of the fendermay usually be obtained based on the followingconcept:
1)The energy absorbed by a rubber fender may be obtained based on the displacement restorationcharacteristicsoftherubberfender.
2) The energy absorbed by awire rope type fendermay be obtained from the relationship between theelongationandtensilestrengthofthewirerope.
3)Theenergyabsorbedbythecrushdisplacementofthebowinabowcollisionmaybeobtainedfromtherelationshipbetweenthebowloadanddisplacement.
(c) Incaseswhereconsiderationshouldbemadesothatthehullofasmallvesselmaynotbreakatthetimeofcollision,it ispreferablethatthereactiveforceofafenderat thetimeofcollisionissmallerthanthebowstrengthforthebowcollisionandsmallerthanthehullstrengthforthehullcollision.Ifitisassumedthatthemaximumcollisionforceisdistributedacrossasufficientlywideareaoftheexteriorplateoftheshipsidehull,thatituniformlyworksonspreadingtothedistancebetweentheribcentersandabove,andthatbothendsoftheexteriorplatearefixedandplastichingescomeintoexistenceatbothendsoftheexteriorplate,thedesignshiphullstrengthofasteelshipmayusuallybecalculatedusingthefollowingequation.17)
(5.4.1)where,
PM :shiphullstrength(N) σy :yieldstressforsteelmembers(N/m2) t :thicknessoftheexteriorplate(m) S :distancebetweenribcenters(m) ν :Poisson'sratio A :contactarea(m2)
Thestrengthofasteelfendermaybeobtainedfromthestrengthsofthemembersthatcomprisethesteelfender.Thedesignvalueusedintheequationmaybecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:
(5.4.2)
References
1) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,General,MaruzenPublications,20022) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,SteelBridges,MaruzenPublications,20023) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,ConcreteBridges,MaruzenPublications,
20024) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,Substructures,MaruzenPublications,20025) JapanRoadAssociation: Specifications andCommentary forHighwayBridges, SeismicDesign,Maruzen Publications,
20026) RailwayTechnicalResearchInstitute:Standardandcommentaryofdesignofrailwaystructures-Earthstructures,Maruzen
Publishing,20007) Railway Technical Research Institute: Standard and commentary of design of railway structures- Concrete structure,
MaruzenPublishing,20048) Railway Technical Research Institute: Standard and commentary of design of railway structures- Composite structure,
MaruzenPublishing,20009) RailwayTechnicalResearchInstitute:Standardandcommentaryofdesignofrailwaystructures-earthpressureresistant
structures,MaruzenPublishing,200010) Takahashi,H.andF.Goto;StudyonShipHeightbyStatisticalAnalysis-StandardofHeightofDesignShip(Draft)-,Research
ReportofNationalInstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagementNo.33,200711) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,General,MaruzenPublications,pp.10-20,
200212) Sato,H.,R.InamuroandK.Iwata:Wind-resistantperformanceofthethreeclearspancontinuoussteelslabdoubleboxgirder
bridge(Tomari-Ohashi),Proceedingsof39thAnnualConferenceofJSCE,198413) Nagai,K.,M.OyadomariandR.Inamuro:Wind-resistantperformanceofthethreeclearspancontinuoussteelslabdouble
boxgirderbridge(Tomari-Ohashi)(Secondreport),Proceedingsof40thAnnualConferenceofJSCE,198514) Japan Road Association Bridge Committee: Handbook of painting and corrosion protection of bridges, Japan Road
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
–939–
Association,200615) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:ManualforcorrosionprotectionandmaintenanceworkforPortsteelfacilities
(revisedEdition),pp.23-24,pp.34-36,pp.105-108,pp.356-357,199716) Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Compact Ltd.: Design manual for multi-chamber expansion adjusting girder
(Draft)198017) Nagasawa,J.:Berthingforceandstrengthofouterplateofship,Ships,Vol.40No,3,pp.46-50,1967
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
6 CanalsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Canals
[Commentary]Article 39 The performance requirements for canals shall be such that the requirements specified by theMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedforthesakeofsecuringthesafeandsmoothnavigationofshipsinharborsbytakingintoconsiderationthetrafficcharacteristicsintheportincludingnavigatingshipsandothers.
[Technical Note]
6.1 Performance VerificationWhenverifyingtheperformanceofacanal,itispreferabletoobservethefollowingitems:
(1)Whendetermining thedimensionsandalignmentofacanal,considerationshouldbegiven to thedimensionsof theshipsusing thecanal, the trafficvolume, thenavigationalsafetyofshipsandotherrelevant factors. Inparticular,attentionshouldbepaidtothereductionofcurrentspeedandkeepingthewaterdepthofacertainlevelandbelow.
(2)Whendeterminingthecrownheightheightofabulkheadordikeforacanal,thewaveovertoppingduetotheministrygeneratedbynavigatingshipsshouldbestudied.Inaddition,incaseswhereacanalconnectswithariver,swollenwaterlevelduringafloodshouldbeexaminedandincaseswherethecanalconnectstotheocean,tidelevelsandincomingwaveheightshouldbeanalyzed.
(3)Considerationshouldbegiventotheenvironmentprotectionforcanals,becausetheslowflowinacanaloftenleadstostagnantwateranditispossiblethatsubstanceswhichcausecontaminationsuchasnitrogenandphosphorusmayflowintothecanalfromneighboringrivers.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–941–
Chapter 7 Cargo Sorting Facilities
1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinanceGeneral Provisions
Article 411Theperformance requirement for cargo sorting facilities shallbe such that the requirements specifiedby theMinister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are satisfied in light of geotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofcargohandling.
2Theperformance requirement forcargosorting facilities shallbe such that the facilitieshavestabilityagainstselfweight,waves,earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,winds,and/orotheractions.
Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items Concerning Cargo Sorting Facilities
Article 44TheitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofcargosortingareasasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.
Public NoticeCargo Sorting Facilities
Article 80TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle44oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningwiththeperformancerequirementsforcargosortingfacilitiesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle83.
[Technical Note]
1.1 General(1)Thischaptermaybeusedforperformanceverificationsofcargosortingfacilities.
References
1) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:PortPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp.135-138,19812) Nakayama,S.:PortEngineering,Sankai-doPublishing,pp.36-37,19853) CivilEngineeringHandbook,Part37,Portandharbours,Giho-doPublishing,pp.1620-1621,1989
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
2 Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment and Rail-mounted Cargo Handling EquipmentMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Cargo Handling Equipment
Article 421Theperformancerequirementsforstationarycargohandlingequipmentandrail-mountedcargohandlingequipment (hereinafter referred toas"cargohandlingequipment") shallbe such that the requirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothsortingofcargoandtokeepthemfrominterferingwiththemooringofshipsorberthingandunberthingofships.
2In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements of the cargohandlingequipmentcitedinthefollowingshallbeasspecifiedintherespectiveitems:(1)Theperformancerequirementsforoilhandlingequipmentshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoself
weight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions,winds,oilweightandpressure,andotheractionsdonotadversely affect the continued use of the oil handling equipment concernedwithout impairing itsfunction.
(2)Theperformancerequirementsforcargohandlingequipmentinstalledathighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsoftheequipmentconcerned.
Public NoticePerformance Criterion of Cargo Handling Equipment
Article 81 1Theperformancecriteriaofcargohandlingequipmentshallbeasspecifiedin thesubsequent itemsinconsiderationofthetypeofcargohandlingequipment:(1)Cargohandlingequipmentshallbearrangedappropriatelyandprovidedwiththenecessarydimensions
inconsiderationofthedesignship,thetypeandvolumeofcargo,thestructureofthemooringfacilities,andtheconditionofcargohandling.
(2)Inordertoprotect theenvironmentsurroundingthefacilitiesconcerned,cargohandlingequipmentshallbeprovidedwiththefunctionsappropriateforpreventionofdust,noise,andthelikeasnecessary.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraphs,theperformancecriteriaforpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Underthepermanentactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionisselfweight,theriskofimpairing
theintegrityofstructuralmembersshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.(2)Under the variable action situation inwhich the dominant actions are Level 1 earthquake ground
motions,winds, and theweight and pressure of oil cargoes, the risk of impairing the integrity ofstructuralmembersandlosingthestructuralstabilityshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.
3Inadditiontotheprovisioninthefirstparagraph,theperformancecriterionforcargohandlingequipmenttobeinstalledonthehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whichisthedominantactionundertheaccidentalactionsituation,isequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–943–
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofCargoHandlingEquipment① Petroleumcargohandlingequipment(a)The settings relating to the design situations, other than accidental situations, and performance
criteriaforpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentlimitedtoloadingarmtypeonlyareasshowninAttached Table 66.
Attached Table 66 Settings for the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Petroleum Cargo Handling Equipment
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
42 2 1 81 2 1 Serviceability Variable Selfweight Winds,earthpressures,surcharges
Soundnessofmembers –
2 L1earthquakegroundmotion(winds)(weightsandpressuresofpetroleum)
Selfweight,earthpressures,surcharges
Soundnessofmembers,stabilityofthestructure
–
(b)Soundnessofmembersandthestabilityofthestructure(serviceability)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofmembers,theperformancecriteriaregardingtheirsoundnessshouldbeappropriatelyprovided. Whenverifyingtheperformanceofpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentwithregardtotheirstructures,theperformancecriteriaregardingtheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructuraltype. Cargohandlingequipmentinstalledinahighearthquake-resistancefacility(restorability)Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,limitedtoaccidentalsituationsonly,andperformancecriteriaforcargohandlingequipmentinstalledinahighearthquake-resistancefacilityareasshowninAttached Table 67. The reason for indicating “damages” in the “Verification item” columnofAttached Table 67 isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.
Attached Table 67 Settings relating for Design Situations, limited to Accidental Situations, and Performance Criteria for Cargo Handling Equipment
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
42 2 1 81 3 – Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,earthpressures
Damages –
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
[Technical Note]
2.1 General
(1)Thepurposeofintroducingcargohandlingequipmentinportsistoreducelaborworks,tospeedupcargohandlingactivities,andtoensuresafety.Theselectionofthetype,structureandcapacityofcargohandlingequipmentispreferablymadebysufficientlyconsideringthedesignships,thetype,shape,volume,andparticularofcargoes,aswellastherelationswithyardfacilitiesbehind,andthemodeofsecondarytransportation.
(2)Cargo handling equipment installed in cargo handling facilities ormooring facilities shall have the requiredstructureandcapacity,andlocation.Theequipmentshallbestructurallysound,beprovidedwithanti-pollutionsystemsagainstdustandnoise,andensuresmoothandsafeoperationincargohandlingactivities.
(3)Sufficientspaceshouldbesecuredaroundcargohandlingequipmentforitsvariousoperationsbyclearingthespaceofobstaclessuchasbuildingsandpowerlines.Cargohandlingequipmentshouldbedesignedandlocatedsothatitdoesnotcomeintocontactwithshipsatberthingandleavingorduringmooring.
(4)Countermeasuresagainstnoiseanddustarerequiredforbulkcargoeshandlingequipmentbecausetheirhandlingislikelytoproducenoiseanddust.Inparticular,inflammabledustshallrequirecountermeasuresagainstblast.
2.2 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1) Behaviorofthecargohandlingequipmentandmooringfacilitiesduringearthquakesandsettingoftheseismic-resistantperformanceofthecargohandlingequipment Itisnecessarytoverifytheseismic-resistanceofthecargohandlingequipmentandthemooringfacilitiestoensurethatthemooringfacilitiesinwhichthecargohandlingequipmentisinstalledsatisfiestherequirementsregardingitsperformanceduringearthquakes.Hence,theseismic-resistantperformanceofthecargohandlingequipmentshouldbedefinedtakingintoconsiderationthefactthatdeformations,railspanexpansions,correspondtothedefinedperformancerequirementswilloccurinthemooringfacilities.
(2)VerificationProcedureVerificationsoftheseismic-resistantperformanceofcargohandlingequipmentshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheirinteractionswiththemooringfacilitiesinvolvedandbeperformedinaccordancewiththefollowingprocedure:
① DeterminationoftheassumedLevel1andLevel2earthquakegroundmotionontheseismicbedrock
② CalculationofthechangesovertimeinLevel1andLevel2earthquakegroundmotionatthesitewherethecranerailsarelocated
• In case it is necessary to take into consideration the dynamic interactions between the cargo handlingequipmentandmooringfacility,onapiertypequaywallthechangesovertimeinthehorizontalaccelerationsattherailsitearecalculatedtakingintoconsiderationthedynamicinteractionsbetweenthecraneandthepier.Inthecasewheretheinstallationofanearthquake-resistancecraneisexpected,acombinationofrigidityanddampingthatreproducesthenaturalperiodoftheearthquake-resistancecontainercraneshallbegiven,(seeFig. 2.2.1).
• Inthecaseofatypeotherthanapiertype,thechangesovertimeinthegroundsurfaceaccelerationshallbecalculatedthroughaseismicresponseanalysisofthegroundandthedataobtainedisusedasthegroundmotionatthecranerailsite.
③Examinationregardingwhetherthecontainercranewillderail
• Thevalueobtainedbydividingthemaximumresponseaccelerationofthecontainercranebythegravitationalacceleration isadoptedas thedesignvalueof theseismiccoefficient, therailspanand the locationof thecenterofgravityofthecranearetobemodeled,andexaminationwithrespecttooverturningisperformedusingtheseismiccoefficientmethod(i.e.examinationregardingwhetherthecontainercranewillderail).
• Iftheresultsoftheexaminationdescribedaboveindicatethatthecranewilloverturn,recalculationswillberepeatedwiththedimensionsoftheearthquake-proofingmechanismsectionvarieduntilsuchconditionsthatpreventoverturningorderailingareachieved.
④ Examinationofthestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanism
• Aftertheconfirmationthatthecranewillnotoverturn,thechangesovertimeinthedisplacementresponsearecalculatedandexaminationismadeastowhetherthestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanismremainswithintheallowablerangeofdisplacementoftheearthquakeproofingmechanismassumed.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–945–
• If thedisplacements thatwouldoccur areoutof the allowable ranges, thedimensionsof the earthquake-proofingmechanismsectionwillbechangedandstep③willbeperformedagain.
⑤Inthecasewherethecontainercraneisinstalledonapier:
• Ifthereisadifferencefromthedimensionsoftheearthquake-resistancecranesassumedthatwereusedinstep②above,thefinalconfirmationwillbemadebyperformingstep②again.
⑥Evaluationoftherailspandisplacementinrelationtothedisplacementofthecranelegsection
• Themaximumrailspandisplacementiscalculatedfromresultsofseismicresponseanalysesofthemooringfacility.Then,anevaluationismadetodeterminewhetherthemaximumrailspandisplacementiswithinthesumoftheelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsectionandthedisplacementofthehalf-amplitudestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanism,seeFig. 2.2.2.
(3)Inthecasewhereitisnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthedynamicinteractionsbetweenthecargohandlingequipmentandmooringfacilityundertheactionofgroundmotion: Inthecaseofcargohandlingequipmentinstalledontopofamooringfacility,theresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentduringanearthquakemaybeamplifiedand theoscillationcharacteristicundertheactionofgroundmotionmayaffectthemooringfacilitywhenthescaleislarge,andthesemustbetakenintoconsiderationregardlessofwhetherthestateisavariablesituationassociatedwithLevel1earthquakegroundmotionoranaccidentalsituationassociatedwithLevel2earthquakegroundmotion. Theoscillationcharacteristicsuchasthenaturalperiodinthesea-landdirectionofcargohandlingequipmentsuchascranesvariesdependingonthescaleandtypeofthecargohandlingequipment,butitusuallyfallswithintherangeof0.5to3seconds. Containercranesequippedwithanearthquake-proofingmechanismoftenhavealongnaturalperiodofaround4seconds.Inthecasewheresuchcranesareinstalledonpierswithanaturalperiodof0.5to2.0seconds,itisnecessarytobecautiousaboutthepossibilitythatcouplingbehaviors,dynamicinteractions,mayoccurintheperformanceverificationofthepierwithrespecttogroundmotion.Inthecasewhere,regardlessofthestructuraltypeofthemooringfacility,thepredominantperiodofthegroundmotionatthelocationwherethecargohandlingequipmentisinstalledisabout1.5secondsorlonger,it isexpectedthatresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentwillbecomehighandthusitmaybecomenecessarytoconductadynamicanalysis-basedevaluationintheperformanceverificationofthecargohandlingequipment.Ineithercase,itispreferabletoreducetheresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentthroughtheuseofanearthquake-proofingmechanismoradampingmechanism,topreventderailingandensurethatthesoundnessofthememberswillbesecured.Fordetailsoftheperformanceverifications,explanationsaboutperformanceverificationsoffacilitiesinthisPartaswellastheGuide to Earthquake-resistance Design of Container Cranes 3)maybereferenced.
(4)ModelingofCranesInstalledonPiersInthecasewhereacraneisinstalledonapier,performanceverificationofseismic-resistantshouldinprinciplebethroughduallumpedmasssystemanalysesthatusetheequivalentrigidityofthepilesforoneblockofthepier(k),themassofthesuperstructure(m),thedampingfactor(c),theequivalentrigidityofthecrane(kc),themassofthecrane(mc)andthedampingfactorforthecrane(cc).Withregardtotheoscillationcharacteristicofthecrane,thenaturalperiodshouldbesimilartothatoftheactualcrane.Withregardtothedampingfactor,avaluebetween1%and3%shouldbeusedunlessthedampingfactorvalueisspecifiedbythecranemanufacturer.Theequivalentrigidityvaluesforthepierandthecranearethevaluesforthenumberofpilesperblockofthepierandthenumberofcraneleg,respectively,andarerepresentedbythemasssystemspringsshowninFig. 2.2.1.Theequivalentrigidity(k)inthemasssystemmodelofthepierpartismodeledontheassumptionthatthenonlinearstress-strainrelationshipusedinthedesignofthepierapplies.
(5)ModelingofCranesInstalledonMooringFacilitiesotherthanPiersInthecaseofmooringfacilitiesotherthanpiers,theeffectsofthedynamicinteractionsaresmallbecausethemassofthemooringfacilitiesarelargeinrelationtothemassofcargohandlingequipment,whichmeansthatitsufficestoevaluate,throughdynamicanalyses,theresponsesofthecranesthemselvesduringearthquakes.Thatis,thegroundsurfacegroundmotionatthelocationinquestionisenteredinthesinglemasssystemthatrepresentsthecranepartonlyasshowninFig. 2.2.1.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
mc
m
kccc
k
cFig. 2.2.1 Modeling of Pier and Crane
(6) ConsiderationsontheRailSpanDisplacementsInprinciple,thecontainercranelegsectionmustnotupliftduringearthquakes.Therefore,itisnecessarytoprovideamechanismthatpreventsdamagestothecranestructurewhentherailspanwidensduringanearthquake.Forexample,inthecaseofacontainercranewhosespanis30.5masshowninFig. 2.2.2,theelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsectionaccommodateswideningofthespanuptoaround700mm,thatisareferencevalueandtheactualvaluevariesamongcranes.Byaddingthisamountofdeformation,namelyelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsection,tothedisplacementofhalf-amplitudestrokeofabout300mm,thatisalsoareferencevalueandtheactualvaluevariesamongcranes,oftheearthquake-resistancemechanismsection,theallowableamountofdisplacementofabout1,000mminthemaximumforthecranespanisobtained.Therefore,theearthquake-resistancemechanismneeds tobesodesigned,asnecessary, that it isappropriate for theamountof rail spandisplacementcalculatedfromresultsofseismicresponseanalysesofthemooringfacility.
When it is assumedthat the land side rail is fixed
30, 500
Elastic deformation rangeof the crane leg section
700
Stroke of theearthquake-proofingmechanism 300
1, 000
Fig. 2.2.2 Relationship between Deformations of the Crane Leg Section and Rail Span Displacements
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–947–
2.3 Loading Arms (Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment)2.3.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1)Loadingarmsshallbeofastructureensuringsafetyagainstthestresscausedbytheweightandpressureofoilwithinthem,theirselfweight,andthewindpressureandtheseismicforce.
(2)Thedistancebetweenloadingarmsandthefacelineofthemooringfacilitiesisdesiredtodetermineappropriatelyinlightofthelengthofthearmsandtheheightoffenderssothattheymaycausenoobstaclestooilhandling.
References
1) JapanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers:Guidelineofcranemanufacturing,19752) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Handbookofportcargo-handlingmachinerysystem,1996,3) Nakazono,Y.Guidelineforearthquake-resistantdesignofcontainercranes,PortCargoHandling,Vol.43No.6,pp.635-640,
19984) JapanRoadAssociation:TechnicalStandardforpetroleumpipeline(Draft),pp.46-47,19745) SpangierM.G.:UndergroundCondition-AnAppraisalofModernResearch,TransactionsofASCE,Vol.113,19486) NAKAYAMA,S.,OsamuKIYOMIYAandTakaoFUJISAWA:,Rept.ofPHRIVol.15,No,3,PP,99-145,19767) AmericanPetroleumInstitute:BulletinonFormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,DrillPipe,andLinePipeProperties,
APIBULLETIN5C3SIXTHEDITION,19948) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforquaycranes,19799) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforcontainercrane,198010) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforcontainercrane,1983
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
3 Cargo Sorting AreasMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Cargo Sorting Areas
Article 43 1Theperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareasforthesafeandsmoothsortingofcargoshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)CargosortingareasshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,
TransportandTourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothsortingofcargo.(2)Damageduetoimposedloadandotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthecargo
sortingareasandnotimpairtheirfunctions.2Inadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareaswhichneedtofunctioninanintegratedmannerwithhighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesduringdisastersshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffect restoration throughminor repairworksof the functions requiredof theareasconcerned intheaftermathoftheoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.Provided,however,thatasfortheperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareaswhichrequirefurtherimprovementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialand/orotherconditionstowhichthecargosortingareasconcernedaresubjected,thedamageduetosaidactionsshallnotaffecttherestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthecargosortingareasconcernedandtheircontinueduse.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Cargo Sorting Areas
Article 82 1Theperformancecriteriaofcargosortingareasareasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Cargosortingareasshallhavetheappropriateshapeandsizesinconsiderationofthetypesandamounts
ofcargoesandthewaycargoesarehandled.(2)Thepassageways inacargosortingareashallhave theappropriatewidthsandalignmentssoas to
ensurethesafeandsmoothtrafficofcargohandlingequipment,vehicles,and/orothers.(3)Cargosortingareasshallbeequippedwiththeappropriatelightingfacilitiessoastoenablethesafeand
smoothutilizationofthecargosortingareasinconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsoftheareasconcerned.
(4)Inthecaseofcargosortingareasthataredangerousforpeopletoenter,thecargosortingareasshallbeprovidedwithappropriatemeanstokeeppeopleofftheareas.
(5)Cargosortingareasshallhaveappropriatedrainagefacilitiestopreventretentionofwaterintheareas.(6)Theriskthatapavementinacargosortingareaisdamagedtotheextentwhichmayadverselyaffect
cargohandlingworksunderthevariableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisimposedload,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.
(7)Cargosortingareaswhichdealwithcargoesthatmaybescatteredbywindsshallbeprovidedwithappropriatemeanstopreventscatteringofcargoes.
(8)Inthecaseofacargosortingareathatisusedtohandlelumber,thefollowingrequirementsshallbesatisfied:(a)Appropriatefacilitiesandequipmenttodisposeofbarkshallbeprovidedasnecessary.(b)Appropriatemeanstopreventlumberfromdriftingawayshallbeprovidedforthecargosortingarea
onthewater.2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofthecargosortingareathatshallfunctionincombinationwiththehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesduringdisastersshallbesuchthatthedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whichisthedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,isequaltolessthanthethresholdlevelcorrespondingtotheperformancerequirements.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–949–
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofCargoSortingAreas① Pavementsincargosortingareas(serviceability)
Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,exceptaccidentalsituations,andperformancecriteriaforpavementsincargosortingareasareasshowninAttached Table 68.Thereasonforindicating“damages” in the“Verification item”columnofAttached Table 68 is that it isnecessary touseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.
Attached Table 68 Settings for to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Pavements in Cargo Sorting Areas
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
43 1 2 82 1 6 Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,earthpressures
Damages
②Cargosortingareasthatneedtofunctionincombinationwithahighearthquake-resistancefacilityduringdisasters Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,limitedtoaccidentalsituationsonly,andperformancecriteriaforcargosortingareasthatneedtofunctionincombinationwithahighearthquake-resistancefacilityduringdisastersareasshowninAttached Table 69.Thereasonforindicating“damages”inthe“Verificationitem”columnofAttached Table 69 isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.
Attached Table69 Settings for to the Design Situations, limited to Accidental Situations only, and Performance Criteria for Cargo Sorting Areas
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
43 2 – 82 2 – Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,surcharges
Damages
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
[Technical Note]
3.1 General
(1)Cargosortingareasshallbepavedappropriatelyinrespectoftheirpurposesandthewaystheyareused.Withregardtothestructuresofpavements,Part III, Chapter 5, 9.14 Apronsmaybereferenced.
(2)Thewidths andcurvesofpassageways shall allowsafe and smoothoperationofvehicles andcargohandlingequipment.
(3)Withregardtolightingfacilitiesofcargosortingareasthatareoperatedatnight,theprovisionsofChapter 5,9.3 Lighting Facilitiesmaybereferenced.
(4)Acargosortingareathat isdangerousfor thepublicisnecessarytotakeappropriatemeasurestoprohibit theentranceofpublicwithprovisionsofsigns,boards,andfences.
3.2 Timber Sorting Areas for Timber Sorting
(1)Theappropriatelocationandsizeofthelandorwatersurfaceshallbesecuredforatimbersortingareatoenablesafeandsmoothtimbersorting.
(2)Intimbersortingareasfortimber,itispreferabletotakemeasuresallowingincinerationasnecessary,includingtheinstallationofspecialplantsforbarkincineration,andmeasuresprovidingappropriatesafetymeanstopreventlumberfromdriftingawayorsettlingdown,andappropriateenvironmentalprotectionmeanstopreventfromscatteringbark.
(3)Timbersortingpondsshouldbelocatedincalmwaterareas.
(4)Itispreferablefortimbersortingpondstobeequippedwithfacilitiespreventingthedriftingoftimbers.
(5)Itispreferablefortimbersortingwaterareatobesolocatedthatthewaterwayconnectingthebasinfortimberraftsandthesortingpondortimberyardwillnotobstructthenavigationofbycrossingmajorwaterwaysorbasins.
(6)Inrespectofabreakwaterforthetimbersortingponds, Chapter 4, 7 Breakwaters for Timber Sorting Facilities canbeusedasareference
3.3 Cargo Sorting Facilities for Marine Products
(1)Cargo sorting facilities for marine products shall be designed to ensure synergistic relations among theirfunctions.
(2)Marineproducthandlingfacilitiesconsistofmarineproductsortingareasandrelatedancillaryfacilities.Marineproductsortingareasdealwithallactivitiesrangingfromthewater-washingtocarrying-outofthecatch,andarecoveredwithroofsforthepreservationoffreshness,thepreventionofpollution,andthepreservationofworkingconditions.Ancillaryfacilitiesincludeloadingarea,icehouse,biddingroom,andtheotherfacilities,wastewatertreatment facilities and freezer facilitieswhichcontribute to enhancementof the functionsofmarineproductsortingareas.
3.4 Cargo Sorting Facilities for Hazardous Cargoes In the casewhere the cargoes sorted are not hazardous cargoes but are subject to fumigation requirements, it ispreferabletoprovidesignsand/ornoticeboardsaroundthecargosortingareainwhichthefumigationisperformedandtheassociatedshedindicatethattheyaredangerousandprohibitingunauthorizedentry.
3.5 Container Terminal Areas3.5.1 General
Thescalesandtypesofcontainerterminalsvarydependingonsuchfactorsastheporttobedeveloped,theshippingcompanythatusestheport,theshippingroutes,thevolumeandtypesofcargoesandthemodesoftransportationusedtohaulcargoesintotheportbehind.Terminalsinwhichcontainersarehandledcanbeclassifiedinto2types;wharfsinwhichonlycontainercargoesarehandled,specializedwharfs,andwharfsinwhichcontainercargoesaswellasothertypesofcargoesarehandled,namelymulti-purposewharfs.Inprinciple,theexplanationsinthissectioncoverspecializedwharfsonly.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–951–
3.5.2 Performance Verification
(1)BasicprinciplesforperformanceverificationsofcontainerterminalareasFig. 3.5.1 8)showsatypicalperformanceverificationprocedureforcontainerterminalareaswithrespecttotheirscales.
(2)Whencalculatingordeterminingthescaleofacontainerterminalarea,thebasicprinciplesdescribedin(3)to(8)below,whichareproposedbyTakahashi,8)maybeadopted.
Target route Amount of cargoes handled in the port (V0)
Frequency of visits of ships
Required berth water depth (Da =β1・β2・d0)
Peak coefficient ( f )
Coefficient for the maximum number of stacks (g1)
Design cargo handling amount (V1 = f ּ (V0/e))
Terminal area width (Lb)(Lb = Lb1 + Lb2 + Lb3)
Largest target ship
Annual turnover (e)
Shiplength(L0)
Shipbreadth(B0)
Full loaddraft(d0)
Keel clearance rate (β1)Draft rate for arrival atand departure from port (β2)
Intersectingangle coefficient(α)
Berth length (La)La = L0 + α・B0
Effectiveness factor (g2)
Number of ground slots (V2) = V1/g1ּg2)
Reefer container ground slot ratio (h)
Dry container ground slot ratio(V3 = V2 (1-h))
1TEU unit area (i1)(Dry containers)
Number of ground slots for reefer containers(V4 = V2ּh)
1 TEU unit area (i2)(Reefer containers)
Area of the ground slots (Gy = V3ּ i1+V4ּ i2)
Marshaling areacoefficient ( j )
Area of the back yardfacilities (By)
Back yard areacoefficient (k)
Area of the back yard area(C = By ּk)
Area of the marshaling area(B = Gy・j)
Rail-normal line distance (a1)Crane span width (a2)Width of the road for vehicleslocated behind the crane (a3)
Apron area width(Lb1 = a1 + a2 + a3)
Marshaling area width (Lb2 = B /La)
Back yard area width(Lb3 = C /La)
Fig. 3.5.1 Size Estimation Model for Typical Container Berth Terminal Area 25)
(3)ElementsofContainerTerminalsThemainelementsofacontainerterminalareberth,apronarea,marshalingareaandbackyardarea.Fig. 3.5.2 8)showsaplanviewofatypicalcontainerterminalarea.
① BerthsAberth is anareaused toberthandmoorcontainer ships inorder tohandle their cargoesat thecontainerterminal.ThesizeofaberthissetbytheberthlengthLa andthewaterdepthDa.
② Apronareas
(a) Anapronareaisanareainwhichcontainercranesandvehiclesforcargohandlingtravelandcontainershatchcoversofcontainershipsaretemporarilystored.TheLb1inFig. 3.5.2 8)representstheapronareawidth.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(b)TheapronareawidthLb1mayusuallybedeterminedfromtherail-normallinedistance,therailspanofgantrycraneandthewidthofthestripforthevehicletraveling.
③Marshalingareas
(a) Amarshalingareaisanareainwhichcontainerstobeloadedontoandcontainersunloadedfromcontainershipsarearranged.TheLb2inFig. 3.5.2 8)representsthemarshalingareawidth.
(b)Withregardtothewidthofthemarshaling,awidthofLb2thatisappropriateinrelationtotheberthlengthmayusuallybeadoptedaccordingtotherequiredmarshalingareasize.
Maintenance shopFueling station
Transtainermaintenancearea
Power receptionstation
CFS
Reefer Reefer
Power reception andtransformer facility
C: Back yard area
A: Apron area
B: Marshaling area
La
Lb1
Lb2
Lb
Lb3Gatehouse
Cleaning facilityAdministration building
Fig. 3.5.2 Typical Container Terminal 8)
④ Backyardareas
(a) Abackyardareaisanareathathascontainerfreightstations,maintenanceshops,anadministrationbuildings,andgates. TheLb3 inFig. 3.5.2 8) represents thebackyardareawidth. Briefexplanationsabout typicalfacilitiesofabackyardareaaregivenbelow.Theterm“backyardarea”isnotacommonlyusedterm;inmanycases,theterm“containerterminal”isusedtorefercollectivelytothemarshalingareaandthebackyardarea.However,thissectiontreatsthebackyardareaseparatelyinordertoallowquantitativeperformanceverificationsofcontainerterminalareaswithrespecttotheirsizes.
1) ContainerfreightstationsAcontainerfreightstationisabuildingwheresmall-lotconsignmentcargoes,whichindividuallydonotfullyoccupyacontainer,arereceived,storedanddeliveredandcargoesarepackedintoandtakenoutofcontainers.
2) MaintenanceshopsAmaintenanceshopisabuildingwhereinspectionsofcontainersandrepairsofdamagedcontainersandcleaningofcontainersbeforeandafteruseareperformed.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
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3) AdministrationbuildingsAnadministrationbuildingisabuildingusedtocentrallydirectandcontrolalloperationsperformedintheyardby,forexample,planningoperationstobeperformedintheyard,issuingdirectionsandsupervisingtheimplementationofthecontainerarrangementplans.
4) GatesAgateisaplacewherecontainersandcontainercargoesarereceivedanddelivered.
(b)Withregardtothewidthofthebackyardarea,awidthofLb3thatisappropriateinrelationtotheberthlengthmayusuallybeadoptedaccordingtotherequiredbackyardareasize.
(4)Berths
① BerthlengthWithregardtotheberthlengthofacontainerterminal,Chapter 5,2.1 Common Items for Wharves maybereferenced.
② BerthwaterdepthWithregardtotheberthwaterdepthofacontainerterminal,Chapter 5, 2.1 Common Items for Wharves maybereferenced.
(5)ApronAreas
① TheapronareawidthLb1maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.1).
(3.5.1)
where, a1 :rail-quaywallfacelinedistance a2 :railspanwidth a3 :widthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecrane
② Rail-quaywallfacelinedistance(a1)Thedeterminationofthedistancebetweentheseasiderailandthefacelineofthequaywallshouldpreferablytake into consideration the locations of themooring posts, cable grooves for containers, cablewinders andstairways that serve as an access tomoored container ships, aswell as the characteristics of the containerterminalinquestion.Whendeterminingthedistancebetweentheseasiderailandthefacelineofthequaywall,avalueofa1=3mmaybeusedasareferencevalue.9)
③ Railspanwidth(a2)Therailspanwidthshouldpreferablybeawidthequaltoorlargerthanthetotalwidthofthelanesrequiredtoaccommodateforthecranesusedcontainerhandlingplusoneadditionalcrane.Inaddition,itispreferabletoadd5 to10mfor thepassageofpersonnelandmiscellaneousoperationvehicles. Whendetermining therequiredwidthperlanebeneathcrane,avalueof5.0m/laneor5.5m/lanemaybeusedasareferencevaluefortractor-trailersorstraddlecarriers,respectively9). Undertheabove-mentionedguidelines,itmaybeconsideredthattherailspanwidtha2forthecasewhere3cranesareusedpershipandstraddlecarriersareusedcanbecalculatedasfollows:
a2=(3+1)lanes×5.5m/lane+8m(allowance)=30m
Iftherailspandeterminedbasedonthestructuraldimensionsofthecraneislargerthantherequiredlanewidthmentionedabove,itisnecessarytousetheformervalue.
④ Determinationofthewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecrane(a3)Thewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecraneshouldpreferablybedeterminedappropriatelywithconsiderationgiventothedimensionsofthecranes,andtheallowancewidth. Inthecasewheretractor-trailersareused,thewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecranemaybecalculatedbyaddinganallowancewidthof3mtothesumofthetotalwidthofthetemporarystorageareasforhatchcovers(4rows:11m;5rows:13.5m)9)andtheminimumlanewidthof3.5m.9)Forexample,ifthenumberofrowsofhatchcoverstorageareasis5,astripwidthof20misobtained.Inthecasewherestraddlecarriersareused,astripwidthof37mwhichiscalculatedbyaddinganallowancewidthof15mtothewidthof22m9)fortheturningofcarriersmaybeused.
⑤ StandardvaluesfortheapronareawidthLb1ThestandardvaluerangefortheapronareawidthisLb1=50to80m.Inthecasewhere3cranesareusedpershipandstraddlecarriersareused,itmaybeconsideredthatLb1canbecalculatedasfollows:
Lb1=a1+a2+a3=3m+30m+37m=70m
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(6)MarshalingAreas
① TheareaofamarshalingareamayusuallybecalculatedusingtheprocedureshowninFig. 3.5.4basedonthedesignhandlingvolume(V0(TEU)).
Calculation of the number of containers handled for marshaling area design (V1):equation (3.5.2)
Calculation of the number of ground slots (V2):equation (3.5.3)
Calculation of the area of the marshaling area (B):equation (3.5.7)
Calculation of the number of dry container ground slots (V3):equation (3.5.4)
Calculation of the number of reefer container ground slots (V4):equation (3.5.5)
Calculation of the ground slot area (Gy):equation (3.5.6)
Fig. 3.5.4 Example of a Procedure for Performance Verifications with respect to the Area of the Marshaling Area
Theareaofamarshalingareamayusuallybecalculatedusingequations (3.5.2) through (3.5.7):
(3.5.2)
(3.5.3)
(3.5.4)
(3.5.5)
(3.5.6)
(3.5.7)
where, V0 :designhandlingvolume(TEU) V1 :numberofcontainershandledformarshalingareadesign(TEU) e :annualturnover(numberoftimes/year)
(3.5.8)
Dy :annualnumberofoperationdays(days) Dt :averageperiodofstorageintheyard(days) f :peakcoefficient V2 :numberofgroundslots(TEU) g1 :coefficientforthemaximumnumberofstacks g2 :effectivenessfactor V3 :numberofdrycontainergroundslots(TEU) h :reefercontainergroundslotratio V4 :numberofreefercontainergroundslots(TEU) Gy :groundslotarea(m2) i1 :floorareaperoneTEUofdrycontainer(m2) i2 :floorareaperoneTEUofreefercontainer(m2) B :areaofthemarshalingarea(m2) j :marshalingareacoefficient
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–955–
ThemarshalingareawidthLb2maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.9)fromtheareaofthemarshalingarea.
(3.5.9)where, B :areaofthemarshalingarea(m2) La :berthlength(m)
② ThespecificsettingsoftheindividualcoefficientsmaybereferencedinReferences8)and9). Dt =2to7days9) Dt =3to9days9) f =1.2to1.38) g1 =transfercrane=4to5piles9) straddlecarrier=3to4piles9) g2 =0.7to0.89) h =0.05to0.158) i1 =(8feet×20feet)=14.9m28) i2 =19.5m2(setbasedonactualrecordsinJapaneseports) j =2.0to3.0(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m) j =2.5to3.5(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)Dt=2to7days9) Dt =3to9days9) f =1.2to1.38) g1 =transfercrane=4to5piles9) straddlecarrier=3to4piles9) g2 =0.7to0.89) h =0.05to0.158) i1 =(8feet×20feet)=14.9m28) i2 =19.5m2(setbasedonactualrecordsinJapaneseports) j =2.0to3.0(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m) j =2.5to3.5(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)
③ ReferencevaluesinrespecttosettingofcoefficientIngeneral,sincesettingsofindividuale, f, g1, g2aredifficult,f/(eg1g2)canbesetasacoefficientbyintegratingthem. Inreference8),f/(eg1g2)=0.05to0.020isindicated.
④ ReferencevaluesinrespecttomarshalingareasNumberofgroundslots(V2)Inreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasnumbersofgroundslots.V2 =1,500to2,000TEU(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m)V2=1,500to2,500TEU(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)Areaofmarshalingarea(B)Inreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasareaofmarshalingarea..B=40,000to90,000m2(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m)B=70,000to110,000m2(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)
⑤ StandardvalueofmarshalingareawidthInreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasstandardvalueofmarshalingareawidth.Lb2=150to250m(forberthwaterdepthlessthan13m)Lb2=200to300m(forberthwaterdepth13mormorebutlessthan15.5m)Lb2=250to330m(forberthwaterdepth15.5mormore)
(7)BackYardArea(C)
① Theareaofabackyardareamayusuallybecalculatedbyequation(3.5.10).
(3.5.10)where, By :totalareaofthebackyardareafacilities(i.e.totalfloorareaofthecontainerfreightstations,
maintenanceshops,administrationbuildings,gates,constructedinthebackyardarea)(m2) k :backyardareacoefficient
ThebackyardareawidthLb3maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.11) fromtheareaofthebackyardarea.
(3.5.11)
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
where, C :areaofthebackyardarea(m2) La :berthlength
②Withregardtothespecificsettingsoftheindividualcoefficients,Reference8)maybereferenced.
1)Totalareaofthebackyardareafacilities(By)By=7,500m2(forareaofmarshalingarea:lessthan90,000m2) By=9,000m2(forareaofmarshalingarea:90,000m2ormore)
2) Backyardareacoefficient(k)k=4.0to5.08)
③ StandardvalueofbackyardareawidthLb3Inreference8),Lb3=90to130misindicatedasstandardvalueofbackyardareawidth.
(8)ContainerTerminalAreaWidth
① ThecontainerterminalareawidthLbmaybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.12).
(3.5.12)
where, Lb1 :apronareawidth Lb2 :marshalingareawidth Lb3 :backyardareawidth
② StandardvaluesforthecontainerterminalareawidthLbWhendetermining thecontainer terminalareawidthLb,Reference8)maybe referenced. The followingstandardvaluerangesfor thecontainer terminalareawidthwhicharebasedon theberthwaterdeptharespecified:
Lb=300to400m(whentheberthwaterdepthislessthan15m)Lb=350to600m(whentheberthwaterdepthis15mormore)
References
1) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp184-189,19812) JSCE:CivilEngineeringHandbook:Part37,PortsandHarbours,Giho-doPublishing,,pp.1605,19893) JapanFishingPortAssociation:Handbookforfishportplanning(1992),pp.109-135,19924) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(4)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.13No.4,pp51,19715) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(5)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.14No.4,pp42,19726) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(11)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.16No.2,pp.28-33,19727) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:PortPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp.191-193,19818) Takahasi,H.:Amodelforestimationscalesofcontainerterminalareasatthestageofportandharbourplanning-Astandard
for designing principal size in container terminals : A proposal-, Research Report of National Institute for Land andInfrastructureManagementNo,10,2003
9) Port andHarbourBureauMinistryofTransport andOver seasCoastalAreaDevelopment Instituteof Japan:Report ofcontainerterminalfacilityplans,1993
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
–957–
4 ShedsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Sheds
Article 83 1 Theprovisionsofthefirstparagraphofthepreviousarticle(Items(1)through(4)only)shallalsobeusedasperformancecriteriaforsheds.2Forsheds,thefollowingperformancecriteriashallbeusedinadditiontotheperformancecriteriaspecifiedinthepreviousparagraph.(1)Sheds in which dusts are generated as a result of the handling of cargoes shall have appropriate
ventilationfacilitiesandequipment.(2)Shedsintowhichwatermayenterasaresultofstormsurgesshallbeprovidedwithappropriatefacilities
andequipmenttopreventingressofwaterasnecessary.
4.1 General
(1)Shedsshallmeetthefollowingrequirementstoensuresmoothcargohandlingbeforetheentranceandafterthedepartureofships.
(a)Thesizeofashedshallbedeterminedappropriatelybyconsideringthekindsandquantitiesofcargoesandtheirhandlingconditions.
(b)Thewidthsandcurvesofpassagewaysinashedshallbedeterminedtoallowsafeandsmoothoperationofcargohandlingequipment.
(2)Withregardtolightingfacilitiesofshedsinwhichcargoesarehandledatnight,theprovisionsofChapter 5,9.4 Lighting Facilitiesmaybereferenced. Shedsshallbeequippedwiththeprovisionsofappropriatesignsandbroadstoensuresafeandsmoothuseasnecessary.
–958–
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Chapter 8 Storage Facilities
1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Storage Facilities
Article 45The performance requirements for storage facilities shall be such that the storage facilities satisfy therequirements specified by theMinister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to enablethesafeandappropriatestorageofcargo inconsiderationofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofcargohandling.
Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Storage Facilities
Article 46TheitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofstoragefacilitiesasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandothersshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.
Public NoticeStorage Facilities
Article 84TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle46oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsforstoragefacilitiesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle87.
2 WarehousesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Warehouses
Article 86TheprovisionsinArticle83shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofwarehouseswithmodificationasnecessary.
[Technical Note]
ThestructureandlocationofwarehousesshallbesetappropriatelyinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasand4 ShedsandArticle3oftheEnforcement Rules for the Warehousing Business Law(MinisterialOrdinanceoftheMinistryofTransportNo.59of1956)asareference.
3 Open Storage YardsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds and Coal Storage Yards
Article 85Theprovisionsinitemi)ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandponds,andcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.
[Technical Note]
OpenstorageyardsaresubjecttotherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7,3 Cargo Sorting Areas.Withregardtocalculationsoftheareasofopenstorageyards,Reference1)maybeusedasareference.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 8 STORAGE FACILITIES
–959–
4 Timber Storage Yards and PondsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria for Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds and Coal Storage Yards
Article 85 Theprovisionsinparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandpondsandcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.
[Technical Note]
TherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasshallbeappliedtothetimberstorageyardsandponds.
5 Coal Storage YardsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria for Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds, and Coal Storage Yards
Article 85Theprovisionsinparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandpondsandcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.
[Technical Note]
TherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasshallbeappliedtothecoalstorageyards.6 Hazardous Materials Storage FacilitiesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Hazardous Materials Storage Facilities and Oil Storage Facilities
Article 87 1TheprovisionsinArticle83orparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitieswithmodificationasnecessary.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbelocatedinsuchawaythatthey
arenotscatteredoveranarea.However,noncompliancewiththisrequirementmaybepermittedinthecasewherecomplianceisimpossiblebecauseofthetopographyorotherreasons.
(2)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesshallbesurroundedbyabandofvacantlandhavinganappropriatewidthinconsiderationofthetypesofthehazardouscargoes,thestructuresofthefacilitiesandotherrelevantconditions.
7 Oil Storage FacilitiesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Hazardous Materials Storage Facilities and Oil Storage Facilities
Article 87 1TheprovisionsinArticle83orparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitieswithmodificationasnecessary.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbelocatedinsuchawaythatthey
arenotscatteredoveranarea.However,noncompliancewiththisrequirementmaybepermittedinthecasewherecomplianceisimpossiblebecauseofthetopographyorotherreasons.
(2)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesshallbesurroundedbyabandofvacantlandhavinganappropriatewidthinconsiderationofthetypesofthehazardouscargoes,thestructuresofthefacilitiesandother
–960–
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
relevantconditions.
References
1) JSCE:CivilEngineeringHandbook,Part11,Portandharbours,Giho-doPublishing,pp.1606,1989
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 9 FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICE
–961–
Chapter 9 Facilities for Ship Service
1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Facilities for Ship Service
Article 47 1TheperformancerequirementsforshipservicefacilitiesshallbesuchthattherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied for theprovisionofsafeandsmoothservicestoshipsinlightofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofshipentry.
2Theperformance requirements ofwater supply facilities for ships shall be such that the requirementsspecifiedby theMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,Transport andTourismare satisfied for the sanitarysupplyofwatertoships.
3Theperformancerequirementsforshipstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied
soastoenablethesafebringing-inandbringing-outofships.(2)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied
soastoenabletheproperfixingofships.
Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Facilities for Ship Service
Article 48 TheitemsnecessaryforenforcementoftheperformancerequirementsforshipservicefacilitiesasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.
Public NoticeFacilities for Ship Service
Article 88 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle48oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsofshipservicefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentarticle.
2 Water Supply Facilities to ShipsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Water Supply Facilities for Ships
Article 89 Theperformancecriteriaofwatersupplyfacilitiesforshipsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)The facilities shall be installed at appropriate locations, corresponding to the condition of use by
ships.(2)Thefacilitiesshallhaveanappropriatecapacityofwatersupplycorrespondingtothedimensionsofthe
designship.(3)The facilities shall have a structurewhich is capable of preventingwater pollution, and thewater
hydrantsshallbemaintainedinasanitarycondition.
[Technical Note]
(1)Thelayoutandcapacityofhydrantsshallbedeterminedappropriatelyaccordingtothetypeofvessels.
(2)Watersupplyfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingsanitationrequirements:
– 962–
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
① Thehydrantsofwatersupplyfacilitiesshallbeofaconstructionthatcanpreventcontaminationofwater.
② Periodicandad-hocwaterqualitytestsshallbeconductedandthehygieneofthehydrantsofthewatersupplyfacilitiesshallbeappropriatelymaintained.
(3)Intakesofhydrantsshouldbesolocatedthatintakehosescanbeeasilyattachedandshallbesoconstructedthatcontaminationofwatercanbeprevented.Inaddition,meanstodrainwatershallbeprovidedinthecasewheretheyareburiedbeneaththeapronfloor.Intakesneedtobeequippedwithcaps.
(4)WaterSupplyVolumeWithregardtothewatersupplyvolumetoships,thevaluesshowninTable 2.1maybeusedasreferencevalues.Inthecaseoflargeships,thecapacitiesofwatertanksareinmanycasesaround800m3becausesuchshipshavetheirownfreshwaterproductionequipment.
Table 2.1 Hydrants and Water Supply Volume
Tonnageofship(grosstonnage)
Requiredwatersupplyvolume
(m3)
Timerequiredtosupplywater(h)
Hydrantspacing(m)
Numberofhydrantsperberth(number
ofpoints)
Watersupplycapacityofeach
hydrant(m3/h)
500 40 5 30 2 41,000 80 5 30–40 2 83,000 250–300 5 40–50 3–4 165,000 500 5 40–50 4 1810,000 800 5 40–50 4 28
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
–963–
Chapter 10 Other Port Facilities
Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Other Port Facilities
Article 53 Theitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsforfixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities,wastedisposalseawalls,beaches,andplazasandgreenspaceasspecifiedinthischapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.
Public NoticeOther Port Facilities
Article 90 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle53oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsforfixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities,wastedisposalseawalls,beachandplaza,andgreenspacesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle95.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
1 Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities1.1 Fixed Passenger Boarding FacilitiesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities
Article 49 Theperformancerequirementofthefixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemsforthesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengersinconsiderationofitsstructuretype:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismshallbe
satisfiedsoastoenablethesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengers.(2)Damageduetoselfweight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions, imposedload,winds,and/orother
actionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthefixedormovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesandnotimpairtheirfunctions.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Fixed Passenger Boarding Facilities
Article 91 Theperformancecriteriaoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Passagewaysoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallsatisfythefollowingrequirementssothatthey
allowpassengerstoembarkanddisembarkinthesafeandsmoothmanner:(a)Thepassagewayshallhaveanappropriatewidthandgradient.(b)The passageway shall be provided with the means for preventing slipping or constructed with
materialsthatarenotpronetoslipping.(c)Thepassagewayshallhavesidewalls,railing,orthelikeonbothsides.
(2)The facilities shall not have a staircase.However, in the casewhere it is unavoidable to provide astaircase,considerationshallbegiventothesafetyofpassengersinsettingtherisesofitsstepsandprovisionoflandingsasnecessary.
(3)The facilities shall not be used for dual services for both passengers and vehicles. However, thisrequirementdoesnotapplyinthecasewheretheirstructuresallowthetrafficofpassengersandthetrafficofvehiclestobeseparatedfromeachother.
(4)The allowable range of verticalmovement of the tip section of amovable bridge of the passengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeappropriatelysetbytakingintoconsiderationthetidelevels,thechangesinshipdraftandtheshipmovements.
(5)Theriskofimpairingtheintegrityofstructuralmembersshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthepermanentactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionisselfweight.
(6)The riskof impairing the integrityofstructuralmembersand the riskof losing thestabilityof thefoundationsectionshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsareLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,andwinds.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofFixedPassengerBoardingFacilities①Stabilityoffacility(a)Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituationsexcludingaccidentalsituationsandperformancecriteria
offixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesareasshowninAttached Table-70.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
–965–
Attached Table 70 Settings for the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Fixed Passenger Boarding Facilities
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
49 1 2 91 1 5 Safety Permanent Selfweight Surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures
Structuralsoundnessofthemembers,stabilityofthefoundationsection
–
6 Variable L1earthquakegroundmotion
(Surcharges)
(Winds)
Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures
(Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures)
(Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures)
Structuralsoundnessofthemembers,stabilityofthefoundationsection
–
[Technical Note]
1.1.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1)Theprovisions in this section canbe applied to theperformanceverificationoffixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities(hereinafterreferredtoas“passengerboardingfacilities”).
(2)Passengerboardingfacilitiesshouldhavefunctionsallowingpassengerstoembark/disembarksafelyandsmoothly.Inprinciple,theyshouldbeseparatedfromboardingfacilitiesforvehicles.
(3)Passengerboardingfacilitiesshouldnotcausepassengerstofeeldanger.Theyshouldalsohaveastablestructureagainstshiposcillationsandwinds.
(4)StructuralTypes
①Thestructureofpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.
(a) The passages of the passenger boarding facility shall be an appropriate width of about 75cm or more.Consideringthefactthatsuchpassagesareusedbyseniorcitizensandphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswell,itispreferabletohaveawidthof1.2mormore.
(b)Apassagewayshallhaveancillaryprovisionssuchasthesidewallandhandrailonbothsides,andaskidproofagentshallbeappliedoranon-slipperymaterialshallbeusedonthesurfaceofpassageway.
(c)Therisesofthestepsofthestaircasesoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbesetgivingoutconsiderationtothesafetyofpassengers.Inaddition,landingsshallbeprovidedasnecessary.Theriseofeachstepmayusuallybesetataround16cm,andthestepwidthmayusuallybesetat30cmormore.Inthecasewheretheheightofsuchastaircaseexceeds3m,itispreferabletoprovide,forevery3m(orless)ofheightofthestaircase,alandingwithwidthof1.2mormore.
(d)Theboardingfacilityshallnotbeusedbothforpassengersandvehicles.Ifpassengerscanbeseparatedfromvehicles,however,thefacilitymaybeusedforbothpassengersandvehicles.
(e)Theinclinationsofpassagesofthepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeonesthatareappropriateintermsofthesafetyofpassengers.Theinclinationsofpassagesofthepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallnormallybe12%orless.However,consideringthefactthatsuchpassagesareusedbyseniorcitizens,andphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswell,itispreferabletouseslopesbetween5%and8%.
② Theallowable rangeofverticalmovementof the tip sectionofamovablebridgeof thepassengerboardingfacilityshallbesettakingintoconsiderationthetiderange,thechangesinshipdraftandtheshiposcillations.Therangeofverticalmovementofthetipsectionofamovablebridgemaybecalculatedbyadding1.0mtothemeanmonthlytiderange.
③Whendesigningthepassengerboardingfacilitiesthataretobeusedforpublictraffic,thefactshallbetakenintoconsiderationthattheywillbeusedbyseniorcitizensandphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswellandsufficientconsiderationshallbegiventoensuringthattheyallowpeopleinwheelchairstomovesafelyonthem.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
1.2 Movable Passenger Boarding FacilitiesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities
Article 49 Theperformancerequirementofthefixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemsforthesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengersinconsiderationofitsstructuretype:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismshallbe
satisfiedsoastoenablethesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengers.(2)Damageduetoselfweight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions, imposedload,winds,and/orother
actionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthefixedormovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesandnotimpairtheirfunctions.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities
Article 92 1Theprovisionsintheprecedingarticleexceptthoseinitem(6)shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitieswithmodificationsasnecessary,inconsiderationofthetypeofthefacilities.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriterionofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbesuchthattheriskoflosingthestabilityofthefacilitiesduetoupliftingofthelegsectionofthefacilitiesshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsareLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,andwinds.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofMovablePassengerBoardingFacilities①Stabilityoffacilities(a)Stabilityofthelegsection(serviceability)
ThesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituationsexceptaccidentalsituationsandperformancecriteriaofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesareasshowninAttached Table 71.Whenverifyingtheperformanceofamovablepassengerboardingfacilitywithrespecttotheriskofupliftingofthelegsection,appropriateperformancecriteriaregardingitsstabilityshallbeestablished.
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Attached Table 71 Settings relating to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria of Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
VerificationitemIndexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction
49 1 2 91 1 5 Serviceability Permanent Selfweight Surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures
Structuralsoundnessofthemembers,stabilityofthefoundationsection
–
6 Variable L1earthquakegroundmotion
(Surcharges)
(Winds)
Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures
(Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures)
(Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures)
Structuralsoundnessofthemembers,stabilityofthefoundationsection
–
92 2 L1earthquakegroundmotion
(Surcharges)
(winds)
Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures
(Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures)
(Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures)
Upliftingofthelegsection
–
References
1) TransportEcologyandmobilityFoundation:Guidelineofthefacilitiesforelderlyandhandicappedpeopleinpublictransportterminals,2001
2) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,MaruzenPublications,20023) JapanRoadAssociation:TechnicalStandardsandcommentaryofgradeseparationfacilitiesforpedestrians,1979
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
2 Waste Disposal SitesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Waste Disposal Sites
Article 50 1TheperformancerequirementsofwastedisposalsitesshallbesuchthattherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedsoastoappropriatelydisposewastematerialsandprotectdisposalsites.
2TheprovisionsofArticle16shallbeappliedcorrespondinglytotheperformancerequirementsforwastedisposalsites.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Waste Disposal Sites
Article 93 1TheprovisionsinArticle39shallbeasappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofwastedisposalsiteswithmodificationsasnecessary.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofwastedisposalsitesshallbesuchthatwastedisposalsitesareappropriatelylocatedwiththenecessarydimensionssoastopreventwashingoutofthewastedmaterialsbywaves,stormsurges,tsunamis,andothersbytakingintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthefacilitiesconcernedaresubjected.
[Technical Note]
2.1 General
(1)Wastesdisposalsitesareclassified,accordingtowhattypesofwastesaredisposedof,intothreetypes:(a)inerttypewastesdisposalsiteswhereinerttypeindustrialwastes,dredgedmaterialandexcavatedsoilfromconstructionsitearedumped,(b)controlledtypedisposalsiteswheremunicipalsolidwastesandcontrolledindustrialwastesaredisposedof,(c)strictlycontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitesinwhichharmfulspeciallycontrolledindustrialwastesaresealed.
(2)The purposes of constructing wastes disposal seawalls are to ensure the availability of wastes disposal andto utilize completed disposal sites. The area and location of thewastes disposal sites shall be determined inconsiderationofthedemandsofthelanduseandtheconstrainttobeimposedundertheWastesManagementandPublicCleaningLawwhenitisapplicable.
(3)Nowastesdisposalsiteshasbeenconstructedinareasotherthanseaareasanditisexpectedthatmostofthewastesdisposalsitesthatwillbeconstructedinthefuturewillalsobelocatedinseaareas.Therefore,theterm“wastesdisposalsites”hererefersonlytobesitesconstructedinseas.Thecharacteristicsofthewastesdisposalsites are;① to take into consideration the actions ofwaves and seismicmotion,② in the case of a site forcontrolleddisposalarea,toensurethestabilityoftheseawallandseepagecontrolworkbycontrollingthewaterlevelsoftheretainedwater.
2.2 Purposes of Wastes Disposal Seawalls
(1)Thepurposesofwastesdisposalseawallsaretodevelopawastesdisposalsitesandtoprotectthedisposalsiteandtheareabehinditfromstormsurges,tsunamisandwavesandtoutilizereclaimedlandafterwastesdisposaliscompleted.
(2)Toensuretheenvironmentalsafetyandsuitabilityofthewastesdisposalsites,itisessentialnotonlytoensurethatitmeetstheperformancerequirementsbutalsotoensurethatthedumpingofwastesisappropriatelycontrolled.Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that appropriate coordination is achieved, with regard to the adequateinspectionandcontrolofthereceivingofwastes,incooperationwiththeorganizationsresponsibleforcontrollingthedisposalofwastes.
2.2.1 Inert-type Wastes Disposal Sites
Inerttypewastesdisposalsitesarefacilitiestocreateareclaimedlandbyusinginerttypeindustrialwastesexcavatedsoilfromconstructionseawallsanddredgedmaterial.
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2.2.2 Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites
As in thecaseof inert typewastesdisposal sites, controlled typewastesdisposal sitesneed tohave functions topreventthewastesfrombeingwashedout.Inaddition,theyneedtohavetherequiredseepagecontrollingcapabilitysothattheretainedwaterinthesitewillnotleakout.
2.2.3 Strictly Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites
Becausethewastestobedisposedofisharmfulsubstances,strictlycontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitesneedtohaveastructurethatcompletelyisolatesthesitefromtheoutside.
2.3 Fundamentals of the Performance Verification
(1)Unlikeinthecaseofrevetmentsofprotectivefacilitiesforharbors,thepurposeofwastesdisposalseawallsistodumpwastesandsuchsitesusuallyhavealongreclamationperiodandoftenremaininastructurallyunstablestatefora longperiodof time.Therefore, it isnecessary topayparticularattention toensuring thestructuralsafetyduringtheconstructionperiod.Oneeffectiveapproachistogiveprioritytothewastesdumpingbehindtheseawallsofthesitessothatsufficientstructuralstabilityisachievedearly.
(2)Ifwastesaredumpedatarapidratenearaseawall,acircularslipfailuremayoccurinthecohesivesoilgroundandthismayimpairfunctionsofthewastesdisposalsites.Therefore,whendeterminingtheareaswherewastestobedumpedandtheratesofdumping,attentionshouldbepaidtothechangesinthestrengthofthegroundduetoconsolidationsettlement.
(3)Thewastes disposal sites are desired to ensure thatwasteswill not bewashed out offshorewhen the site issubjectedtovariableorpermanentactions.Inaddition,itisdesirabletoensurethatthesitehasastructure,forexampleseawallsofthesiteorseepagecontrolwork,thatcanpreventwastesfrombeingwashedoutoffshorewhenthesiteissubjectedtoactionsofLevel2earthquakegroundmotion.
2.4 Performance Verification
(1)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofasiteofacontrolledtypewastesdisposalsite,theseawallmaybeconsideredasakindofrevetmentandChapter 4, 12.1.3 Performance Verificationmaybereferenced. Inaddition, thefollowingmaybeapplied.
(2)The requirements for seepage control work specified in theMinisterial OrdinanceDetermining EngineeringStandardsPertaining toFinalDisposalSite forMunicipalSolidWastesandFinalDisposalSite for IndustrialWasteswhichapplytoseawallsforcontrolledtypecoastaldisposalsitesareasfollows:
① Thecasewherenoseepagecontrolworkisrequired;Ifalandfillsitehascontinuouslayerwhosethicknessis5mormoreandwhosecoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-5cm/sorless(animpermeablelayer)atthebottomandatthesidesofthesite,itisnotnecessarytoprovideanyseepagecontrolwork.
② Thecasewherethereisnoimpermeablelayerthatcoverstheentirebottomofthelandfillsite;It is regulated that, if there is no impermeable layer, seepage control work that satisfies the requirementsgivenbelow (this is called surface seepage controlwork) or seepage controlworkhaving the equivalent orbetter seepage control capability be provided. In addition,wastes disposal seawalls located in areaswheredeteriorationsofimpervioussheetsduetosunlightmayoccuraresubjecttothesurfaceseepagecontrolworkprotectionrequirementsincludingspreadingofthelight-blockingnonwovenfabric.
(a) Theimpervioussheetislaidonthesurfaceofalayerofclayorothermaterialhavingathicknessof50cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-6cm/sorless.
(b)Theimpervioussheetislaidonthesurfaceofalayerofasphaltconcreteofathicknessof5cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-7cm/sorless.
(c) Doubleimpervioussheetsarelaidonthesurfaceofanon-wovenfabricoranyothermaterial.Anon-wovenfabricoranyothermaterialwhichhasasufficientthicknessandstrengthforpreventingsimultaneousdamageofbothimpervioussheetsisprovidedbetweentheimpervioussheets.
③ Thecasewherethereisaimpermeablelayerthatcoverstheentirebottomofthelandfillsite;Itisregulatedthat,ifthereisaimpermeablelayer,seepagecontrolworkthatsatisfiestherequirementsgivenbeloworseepagecontrolworkhavingtheequivalentorbetterseepagecontrolcapabilitybeprovided.Itisalsorequiredthatsuchseepagecontrolworkreachtheimpermeablelayer.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
(a) ThegroundaroundthelandfillsiteissolidifiedtoimpermeablelayertoaLugeonvalueof1orlessbygroutingofchemicals.
(b)Thereisprovidedawallofathicknessof50cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-6cm/sorlessaroundthelandfillsitetotheimpermeablelayer.
(c) Thereareprovidedsteelsheetpiles(limitedtothosewhichhavemeasurestakentopreventleachingofretainedwaterorthelikefromthepartofjointwiththeothersheetpiles)aroundthelandfillsitetotheimpermeablelayer.
(d)Seepagecontrolworkthatsatisfiestherequirementsspecifiedin(a)to(c)of②above.
(3)In thecaseof inlandwastesdisposal sites, it isoften thecase that impervious sheets areused to ensure thatsufficientseepagecontrolperformanceofthebottomisachieved.Ontheotherhand,inthecaseofwastesdisposalsiteslocatedinareasinseas,itisoftenthecasethatcohesivesoilbelowthebottomisusedtoensurethatsufficientseepagecontrolperformanceofthebottomisachieved.Insuchacase,itisnecessarytoconfirmwhetheralayerofcohesivesoilwhichisequivalenttoanimpermeablelayerexistsatthebottomsofthedisposalsiteslocatedinseasandtoconfirmthatthestrataofcohesivesoilshaveaimpermeabilityequivalenttothatofanimpermeablelayerspecifiedintheMinisterialOrdinanceDeterminingEngineeringStandardsPertainingtoFinalDisposalSiteforMunicipalSolidWastesandFinalDisposalSiteforIndustrialWastes. Itcanbeconsideredthatastratumhavingaseepagecontrolcapabilityequivalenttothatofanimpermeablelayerisevaluatedbythepermeationtime.Thepermeationtimecanusuallybecalculatedbyequation(2.4.1).
(2.4.1)
where, t :permeationtime(s) L :permeationdistance(thicknessoflayer)(cm) k :coefficientofpermeation(cm/s) h :waterleveldifferenceinthelayer,seeFig. 2.4.1(cm)
h
Layer of cohesive soilL
Fig. 2.4.1 Permeation Distance and Water Levels
Calculationsofthethicknessesoflayerswhichareequivalentintermsofthepermeationtimetoaimpermeablelayerwhosethicknessis5mormoreandcoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-5cm/sorlessusingequation(2.4.1)resultinalayerthicknessof1.6mormoreinthecaseofalayerofacohesivesoilwhosecoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-6cm/s.Thelayerthicknessandcontinuityofanimpermeablelayershallbeconfirmedthroughaboringsurvey.Whendeterminingthelayerthickness,itisdesirabletoaddanallowancetakingintoconsiderationthenon-uniformityofthesoillayer.
(4)Topreventleachingoftheretainedwaterfromtheinsideofacostalwastesdisposalsite,itispreferabletomaintainthewaterleveloftheretainedwaterlow.
(5)Controlledtypewastesdisposalsitesretaintheirseepagecontrolcapabilityafterthewastesdisposalareasceasetobeused,anditispossiblethatthestructuralstabilityofseawallsforcontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitemaybeimpairedwhentheleveloftheretainedwaterexceedsthecontrolwaterlevelasaresultofrainetc.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconfirmduringtheperformanceverificationthestabilityoftheseawallsofwhichtheleveloftheretainedwaterreachestheexpectedhighestlevelafterthedisuseofthewastesdisposalsite.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
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References
1) PortandharbourBureau,MinistryofTransport:Manualfordesign,constructionandmaintenanceofrevetmentofcontrolleddisposal(Underpreparationforpublishing)
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
3 BeachesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Beaches
Article 51 1Theperformancerequirementsforthebeachesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemstofacilitatethemaintenanceoftheportandharborenvironment:(1)BeachesshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand
Tourismsothattheywillcontributetothedevelopmentoftheportandharborenvironments.(2)Beachesshallbecapableofmaintainingastablestateoveralongtermagainstvariablewavesandwater
flows.2Inadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraph,thebeacheswhichareutilizedbyanunspecifiedlargenumberofpeopleshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismsoastoensurethesafetyoftheusersofthebeachesconcerned.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Beaches
Article 94 1Theperformancecriteriaofbeachesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Beaches shall be appropriately locatedwith thenecessarydimensions so as to ensure the safe and
comfortableusebypeopleandtocontributetotheenhancementofgoodportenvironments.(2)Theriskoflosingthestabilityofthebeachprofilesandplanshapeshallbeequaltoorlessthanthe
thresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsarevariablewavesandwaterflows.
2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,thebeacheswhichareutilizedbyanunspecifiedlargenumberofpeopleshallbeprovidedwiththedimensionsrequiredforsecuringthesafetyoftheusersbytakingintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthefacilitiesconcernedaresubjectedandtheutilizationconditions.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofBeaches①Stabilityoffacility(serviceability)
Thesettingsrelatingtothebeachperformancecriteriaandthedesignsituationsexcludingaccidentalsituations are as shown inAttached Table-72. Whenverifying the performanceof a beachwithrespecttoitsshape,appropriateperformancecriteriaregardingitsstabilityshallbeset.
Attached Table-72 Settings relating to the Performance Criteria of Beaches and the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations)
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
51 1 2 94 1 2 Serviceability Variable Variablewaves,waterflows
– Stabilityofthebeachintermsofitsshape
–
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
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[Technical Note]
3.1 General
(1)Beaches canbe classified into two types according to the grain size distribution of the sediment; beaches ofthatconsistofmud,sand,andgravelandbeachesthatconsistofbaserockandrockyreefs.Eachbeachcanbezonedintothebackshore,foreshore,tidalflatandshoalzones,whicharedefinedbasedontheirrelativeheighttointertidalzone.Eachbeachcanalsobezonedintoseagrassmeadowsandcoralreefsbasedonthetypesofecosystemsofflorasandfaunas.Fig. 3.1.1 showsacrosssectionofatypicalsandybeach.
Rev
etm
ent
Backshore Foreshore
Foreshorewidth
Slope ofthe foreshore
Slope of the inshore
Backshorewidth
Backshore zoneheightBackshore zoneheight
Inshore
Inshore width
Offshore
H.W.L.
L.W.L.
Fig 3.1.1 Cross Section of a Typical Beach
(2)Tidalflatsaremuddysandbeachesthatareexposedduringlowtide.1)Tidalflatsoftenformcomplexandvaluablenaturalenvironmentsbecauseavarietyofdominantforcesandactionsoccurconcurrentlyinandaroundtidalflats,includingthecycleofebbandflow,changesinsalinityduetoriverdischargesandchangesintopographcausedbywavesandwaterflows.Seagrassmeadowsareshallowseaareasinwhichmacrophytesandseagrassgrowdenselytoformtheircolonies.Suchcoloniesareformedatwaterdepthsbetweenseveraltensofcentimeterandtenmetersplusseveralmeters.Coralreefsaretopographicfeaturesthatareformedbyhermatypicorganismssuchascorals.
(3)Beachnourishmentdefinedassupplyingsandalongshorestohelpdevelopmentofbeaches.Constructedbeachesshouldbeappropriatelydesignedintermsofthegrainsizeandtheslope.Inthecaseofabeachwithoutcontinuoussupplyofsediment,jettiesanddetachedbreakwatersshouldbeplacedtomaintainastablestateofthebeachundersuchconditions.
(4)Beachesusuallyrefersnotonlytoconstructedbeaches,butalsotonaturallydevelopedbeaches.Here,thebeachesreferstoconstructedbeachandnaturalbeachestobemaintainedandrestored.
3.2 Purposes of Beaches
(1)Beachesasakindofshoreprotectionfacilitiesaredevelopedforthepurposesofprotectingshoresfrombeingdamagedbytsunamis,stormsurges,waves,andotherphenomenarelatingtofluctuationsofseawaterorgroundsandfacilitatingappropriatedevelopment,aswellastoconserveshoreenvironmentsandtoprovideproperusesofshoresbythegeneralpublic.Themainpurposeofsuchbeachesisshoreprotection.Ontheotherhand,beacheswhicharefacilitiesforenhancementofportenvironmentsaredevelopedmainlyforthepurposeofmaintainingcomfortable living spaceshaving intimacywithwater. Suchbeaches serve thepurposeof ensuring safe andcomfortableuseofshoreandconservingnaturalenvironmentsinadditiontoprotectingshores.
(2)The functions of intimacywithwater include; (a) recreational areas for such activities as shellfish gathering,swimmingandfishing,(b)recreationalareasforplayingbeachvolleyballetc.,(c)spaceforagricultureorfisheryactivitiesand(d)spacesforenvironmentaleducation.
(3)Naturalenvironmentconservationfunctionsofbeachesincludethefunctionof(a)habitatscreationforavarietyoforganismsbyforminggoodbiologicalenvironmentsfororganismstoliveandgrow,(b)thefunctionofpurifyingseawaterthroughphysicalandbiologicalactionsofbeachesand(c)thefunctionofproducingorganismswhichissupportedbyprimaryproduction.
(4)Inadditiontotheintimacywithwater,beacheshavethefunctionofreducingwaveovertoppingratesbydampingtheenergyoftheincidentwavesthroughwavebreakingandthefunctionofpreventingthescouringoftoesectionsofdikes.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
3.3 Fundamentals of Performance Verification
(1)Eachbeachhasoneormoreof the functions such as intimacywithwater, habitat development function, seawaterpurificationfunction,organismproductionfunction.Becausethesefunctionsmaybecomplementarytoeachotherorconflictwitheachother,itisnecessary,whenexaminingtheconstructionofbeaches,toestablishappropriateobjectivesfirst.Whenestablishingsuchobjectives,itisimportanttoidentifythepastandexistingrelationshipsbetweenthenaturalenvironmentsandthewaystheareainquestionisusedbythelocalresidents.Thisinformationisusefulinconsultingamongthepartiesconcernedanddecidingonplansbasedonthesharingoffeelingsregardingtherolesofthenatureinrelationtohumans.Allanalysesandevaluationsshouldtakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthesefunctionsareaffectedbythestabilityandlevelofmaturityofeachecosystemandenvironmentalchanges.
3.4 Landscape of Beaches
(1)Withregardtolong-termchangesinbeach,morphologyitcanbesaidthataconstructedbeachisstableinthelongtermifthebeachisstableagainsttheprevailingwavesimmediatelyafteritscompletion.Short-termchangesin landscape is affectedmainlyby the littoral drift in the shore-offshoredirection. Therefore it is necessaryto examineappropriatemeasures suchas; (a) examine stabilizationmeasuresbymeansof jetty anddetachedbreakwaters,(b)selectsandgrainsizesforthebeachwhichareappropriateinrelationtothecharacteristicsofthewaves,and(c)replenishthebeachwithsandsothatthelossofsandiscanceledout.
(2)Materialstobeusedforbeachnourishmentneedtobeselectedcarefullybecausesuchmaterialsconstituteanimportantfactor thataffects, togetherwith thebeachmorphology, theperformanceandstabilityof thebeach.When performing analyses and evaluations relating to a beach nourishment-based beach management, it isnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthegrainsizedistributionofanourishedbeachaffectsnotonlythestabilityandcrosssectionofthebeachbutalsothedegreesofsatisfactionofbeachusersandthelevelsofqualityofhabitatsoforganisms inandaround thebeachnourishment site. Inaddition, it isnecessary,whenselectingmaterialstobeusedforbeachnourishment,toexerciseduecare,because,ifsedimentsarewashedawaybywaves,watersadjacenttothebeachnourishmentsitemaybeadverselyaffected.
(3)Whendeveloping a plan toprovide a structure or facilitymadeof a stone in a tidalflat or rocky shore, it isnecessarytogivesufficientconsiderationtolocatingitappropriatelysothatthesafetyofusersandthestabilityofthefacilitiesareensured.
(4)Jettyanddetachedbreakwatersshouldpreferablybesolocatedthatthestabilityofthebeachintermsofitsshapeisensuredandseawatercancirculatewithoutbecomingexcessivelystagnantsothatdeteriorationoftheseawaterqualitywillbemitigated.
(5)Withregardtolandscapeofbeaches,verificationsregardingthedimensionsofeachbeachincludingwidth,heightandlengthandthegrainsizearenecessary.Inaddition,whendeterminingthestructuraldimensions,themethodsdescribedbelowmaybeusedasaguide.
① CrestheightandcrestwidthofthebackshoreThecrestheightofthebackshoreshouldbedeterminedbasedonmeasurementstakenatthesiteoratasimilarcoastlocatednearthesiteorusingtheproposedestimationformulas.1),4),5)Thecrestwidthofthebackshoreshouldbedeterminedtakingintoconsiderationtheamountofshort-termregressionoftheshorelineduringhighwaveperiodsthatisestimatedbyusingnumericalcalculationsorthehistoricaldata.
② SlopeoftheforeshoreTheslopeoftheforeshore,whichisoneoftheessentialdimensionsofabeach,shouldbedeterminedbyusingtheproposedestimationformulas1),4),5)orbasedonmeasurementstakenatthesiteoratasimilarcoastlocatednearthesitetakingintoconsiderationthechangesingrainsizeandthewaveconditions.Theseabottomslopeofatidalflatisoftennotgentlerthanthatofabeach.(SeeFig. 3.4.1.)
③ SedimentgrainsizeThesedimentgrainsizeaffectsnotonlythestabilityandcrosssectionalslopeofthebeach1),4),5)butalsothedegreesofsatisfactionofbeachusersabouttheirusesofthebeach,thedistributionofhabitatsoforganisms,theenvironmentpurificationfunctionsandthepermeabilityorwaterretentioncharacteristic.1),5)Thegrainsizedistributionofthesedimentshouldbeappropriatelydeterminedtakingintoconsiderationthesefactors.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
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10-4 10-3
1/5
1/10
1/151/20
1/30
1/60
1/100
d50/H0
10-50.01
0.1
0.5
tan β
N NN
N
S
SS
S S S
SM
MMM
S
N
N N NN
KKKKKH
Rtan β
0.04≧H0 / L0>0.020.02≧H0 / L0>0.010.01≧H0 / L0>0.005
MNKS
:Miyazaki Coast:Niigata Coast:Kanazawa Coast:Sakata Coast:Umi-no-koen Park, Yokohama City:Itsukaichi Artificial Tidal Flat
Fig. 3.4.1 Relationship between Sea Bottom Slope and Sediment Grain Size 4)
(tanβ, d50 and H0 denote the sea bottom slope, median grain size and deepwater wave height, respectively.)
(6)Inaverificationofstability, it isnecessarytopredict theshort-andlong-termchangesof theshorelineor thechanges in water depth and the sediment transport amount by using appropriate numerical calculations andestimationformulastakingintoconsiderationtheeffectsofthefacilitiesforwavecontrolandsedimentmovementcontrolfacilities.2),4)Theinitialshorelineconfigurationshallremainsimilartotheshapeoftheshorelineofthelandscapeofthebeachafterstabilizationthatisdeterminedbasedontheactionsofwavesandthelocationsofjettiesanddetachedbreakwaters.
(7)Whenexaminingaproject toconstructingor restoringa tidalflat, it isnecessary to; (a)giveconsideration toensuringthatthelandscapeofthetidalflatwillremainstableandthefunctionalrequirementsestablishedduringtheplanningphasewillbesatisfied,and(b)devisemeasurestoalloworganismsdesirablefortheareatoliveinthearea.Inotherwords,itisnecessarytoexaminethebasicfacilitiestomaintainthelandscapeofthetidalflatandmeasurestoallowdesirableorganismstoliveinthetidalflatarea,andtofacilitatethesuccessionofsuchorganisms.Withregardtothis,thefollowingbasicprinciplesmaybeusedasasourceofreference:
① Inprinciple,thecrestheightofthebackshoreshouldbetheH.W.L.orhigher.
② Thecrestheightofthebackshoreofatidalflatandtheinclinationoftheforeshoreofthetidalflatisdeterminedbasedontheactionsofwaves.
③ Theforeshoreandbackshoreofa tidalflatshouldbe located insuchaway that theywillnotbefrequentlysubjectedtohighwaves,sothatthestabilityofthelandscapeofthebeachwillbeensured.
④ Itisdifficulttofixthelandscapeoftheinshoreofatidalflatbywavesbecausetheinclinationsoftheinshoreoftidalflatsareverygentle.
⑤ Inthecaseofarivermouthtidalflat,thestabilityofthesedimentagainstthewaterflowissometimestakenintoconsideration.Thereissometimesthecasethatchangesinsalinityaffecthabitatsandactivitiesoforganisms.
⑥ Inthecaseofaforeshoretidalflat,considerationshouldbegiventoensuringthestabilityofthebasicfacilitiesby,forexample,makingthebeachasflataspossibleandsodesigningtheforeshoresectionthatitslengthissufficient. Thenumbersoforganismsthat live in theareaaresometimesaffectedbywhether thesiltyclaycontentsofthetidalflatandbeachareappropriateandwhetherthewaterretentioncapabilityisappropriate.
⑦ Thelandscapeoftheforeshoreofaforeshoretidalflatsometimesconsistsofbothflatsectionsandmulti-stepbartroughsections.ThereissometimesthecasethatmanybenthosessuchasshellfishandsandlugwormsliveinthewaterdepthbelowtheM.W.L.
(8)Inalagoontidalflatwherethesurroundingenvironmentbecomesimportant,theseawatercirculationandtheseawaterqualitymaintenancewillbeanimportantpointfortheperformanceverification.Theheightandslopeofthegroundandthesettingsrelatingtovegetationaredeterminedbasedonsuchconsiderations.Insuchacase,thefollowingbasicprinciplesmaybeusedasasourceofreference:
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
①Withregardtointroductionofseawater,itshouldbeensuredthatconnectionwiththesurroundingwatersismaintainedbychannelsortrainingjetties.
② Introduction of sea water to exchanged is an essential measures of controlling the water levels, salinity,nutrientsanddissolvedoxygen.Sluicegatesaresometimesusedtocontroltheseconditions.Insuchacase,examinationsregardingthewaterbalanceareperformedthattakeintoconsiderationthefreshwaterinflows,seawaterexchanges,seawatercirculation,vaporization,precipitation,overflowsandunderseepage.
③ Seawatercirculationsareessentialalsofromtheperspectiveofensuringthatlarvaeoftransportandrecruitmenttoandfromriversandtheopensea.
④ Toavoidtheformationofhypoxicwatermassesnearthebottomofalagoon,itisadvisabletobesetthegroundheightthatthewaterdepthwillnotexceed1mduringlowesttideperiods.
⑤Whenmakingthelandscapebysoildumping,theheightofthelandshallbedeterminedtakingintoconsiderationofthesettlementoftheland.
⑥Certainkindsofbirdshavepreferencesinrespectofthewaterdepthsoftidalflatsandtheslopeofbeaches.Snipesandploverspreferwaterdepthsof0.4morless,andduckspreferwaterdepthsof0.5mormore.
(9) Therearetwomethodstomaintainbeaches.Oneisthesandbypassmethodwhichmakesthesedimentaccumulatedontheupstreamsideofacoaststructureflowcontinuouslytothedownstreamside.Theotheroneisthesandbackpassmethodwhichmovesthesedimenttoerodedareaslocatedupstreamofthecoaststructure.
3.5 Amenity
(1)Beaches should be appropriately evaluated in relation to the requirements of the amenity function with thefrequenciesoftheiruseforswimming,shellfishgatheringandotherpurposestakenintoconsideration.
(2)Beachesshouldbeappropriatelyprovidedwithrestingareasandplantedvegetationaccordingtotheirpurposes.Whenexaminingtheplantvegetation,itisnecessarytoperformsufficientanalysestakingintoconsiderationthefactthatcoastalareasaresubjectedtospecialenvironmentalconditionssuchasstrongwinds,saltwatersplashesandsalinesoils.
(3)Itisnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthemainpurposeofbeachesishumanuseandgivesufficientconsiderationtoensuringthesafetyoftheuserssothataccidentsduetobeachdeformationsshouldbeavoided.Onceanewlyconstructedorrestoredbeachisopenedforpublicuse,itisnecessarytoconductperiodicpatrolsandinspectionstoconfirmthatthesafetymeasuresarefunctioningproperly.Inparticular,itisimportanttotakemeasures topreventsandoutflowsfromnourishedbeaches,whichmaycausecollapsesorcreatecavities thatcannotberecognizedfromthesurfaceoftheground,andtocontinuouslycheckforandmonitorphenomenathatmayaffectthesafetyoftheusersbyconductingperiodicpatrolsandinspectionsafterthebeachisopenedforpublicuse.
(4)Beachesprovidespaceswherepeoplecanrelaxandenjoyrecreationalactivities.However,thesafetyofbeachusersisoccasionallythreatenedbytidalwaves,stormsurgesandtsunamis.Therefore,beachesshouldbeprovidedasnecessarywithemergencycommunicationequipmentsuchasalarmequipmentandtelephonesthatisnecessarytoallowthebeachuserstoevaluatewhethertheirsafetyisbeingsecured.
3.6 Conservation of Natural Environments
(1)Beaches have natural environment conservation functions such as the function of developing habitats fororganisms,thefunctionofpurifyingseawaterandthefunctionofproducingorganisms.
(2)Beachescanbebrokendownintosuchconstituentsasseaweedcolonyareas,tidalflatsandcoralreefsbasedonthetypesofecosystemsofflorasandfaunas.
References
1) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:HandbookofMarineNaturalreclamationVol.2,Tideland,p.138,2003
2) WorkingGroupformarinenaturalreclamation:HandbookofMarineNaturalreclamation,Gyosei,20033) BureauofPortsandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andJapanPortAssociation:Planninganddesignmanualfor
zonalprotectivecomplex,,p.209,19914) JSCE,CoastalEngineeringCommittee:Handbookofdesignofcoastprotectionfacilities2000,JSCE,p.582,20005) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andJapanMarinaandbeachAssociation:ManualforPlanning
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
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anddesignofbeach,p.229,20056) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andWaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter:
Designandconstructionofmanualforthearrangementofgardenplantsonportgreenbelt,19997) Parks&OpenSpaceAssociationofJapan:Standardcommentaryofurbanparkengineering,20048) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof
MarineNaturalreclamationVol.1,Introduction,p.107,20039) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof
MarineNaturalreclamationVol.3,Seagrassmeadow,p.110,200310) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof
MarineNaturalreclamationVol.3,coralreef,p.103,200311) Port and Harbour Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: “Greenization “ of Port Administration
(Environment friendlyAdministration of Ports andHarbours, IndependentAdministrative InstitutionNational PrintingBureau,2005.
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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
4 Plazas and Green SpacesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Plazas and Green Spaces
Article 52 Theperformancerequirementsfortheplazasandgreenspacesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemstofacilitatedevelopmentofportenvironmentsaswellastherestorationandreconstructionoftheportanditssurroundingareas:(1)The plazas and green spaces shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so that they contribute to the development of good portenvironmentsandtoensurethesafetyoftheusersoftheplazasandgreenspaces.
(2)The plazas and green spaces shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Land,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismso that theycanbeutilizedasabase for the restorationandreconstruction of the port and its surrounding areas in the aftermath of the occurrence ofLevel 2earthquakegroundmotions.
(3)ThedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredofplazasandgreenspacesintheaftermathoftheoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.
Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Plazas and Green Spaces
Article 95 Theperformancecriteriaofplazasandgreenspacesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Plazasandgreenspacesshallbeappropriatelylocatedwiththenecessarydimensionssoastoensurethe
safeandcomfortableusebypeopleandtocontributetotheenhancementofgoodportenvironments.(2)Plazasandgreenspacesshallbecapableofbeingutilizedasthebasesforrestorationandreconstruction
ofportsandtheirsurroundingareasaftertheyaresubjectedtoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,andshallbeprovidedwiththedimensionsnecessaryforensuringsmoothtransportofgoodsandmaterialsandprovidingtheareasforrefuges.
(3)ThedegreesofdamagebytheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whicharethedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlimit.
[Commentary]
(1)PerformanceCriteriaofPlazasandGreenSpaces①Stabilityoffacility(restorability)
The settings relating to the design situations limited to the accidental situations only and theperformancecriteriaofplazasandgreenspacesareasshowninAttached Table-73.Thereasonforindicating“damages”inthe“Verificationitem”columnofAttached Table-73isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.
PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES
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Attached Table 73 Settings for the Design Situations limited to the Variable Situations only and Performance Criteria of Plazas and Green Spaces
MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice
Performancerequirements
Designsituation
Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue
Article
Paragraph
Item
Article
Paragraph
Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating
action
52 1 3 95 1 3 Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion
Selfweight,surcharges
Damages
[Technical Note]
(1)DevelopmentofGoodPortEnvironmentsPlazas and green spaces should preferably be appropriately provided with rest areas and planted vegetationaccordingtotheirpurposes.
References
1) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andWaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter:Designandconstructionofmanualforthearrangementofgardenplantsonportgreenbelt,1999
2) Parks&OpenSpaceAssociationofJapan:Standardcommentaryofurbanparkengineering,20043) Port and Harbour Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: “Greenization “ of Port Administration
(Environment friendlyAdministration of Ports andHarbours, IndependentAdministrative InstitutionNational PrintingBureau,2005.
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