chapter 6: early india. section 1: geography and early india india is a subcontinent- a large...
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CHAPTER 6: EARLY INDIA
Section 1: Geography and Early IndiaIndia is a subcontinent- a large
landmass that is smaller than a continentSeparated from the rest of Asia by the
mountains
Fill in the chart provided as we discuss India’s geography instead of taking T-chart notes.
Deccan PlateauLocated b/w 2 mountain rangesElevated and flat area of landDry with few riversSoil is good for cotton, but not for
other crops.
Eastern and Western GhatsMountain chains near the coasts
of IndiaDeccan Plateau sits in b/w the
two chainsWet climateRivers rarely flood here and are
dangerous for travel
Ganges RiverFlows across northern IndiaCarries sediment to plains,
making it very fertileDangerous flooding can occur
and destroy crops
Himalaya MountainsLocated on India’s northern
borderMount Everest is part of this
chainWater from glaciers on the
mountains feed many riversEarthquakes and landslides are
common
Hindu Kush MountainsForm the border b/w India and
AfghanistanNot as tall as HimalayasMany parts are unliveableHas the Khyber Pass, which
connects Asia to India. Was used as trade route as well as for invasion.
Indus RiverBegins in the HimalayasGets water from melting snow
from Hindu Kush mountainsFlows through Pakistan and
empties into Arabian SeaCarries sediment and makes soil
fertile. Has some of the best farmland in
the world
Thar DesertLocated in northern IndiaMostly sand and stoneHas little plant and animal lifeVery hotDust storms are common hereNo rivers
ClimateMostly hot and humidHeavily affected by monsoons-
wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons
Summer- monsoons bring heavy rains from off the ocean
Winter- warm and very dry as monsoon winds blow from off the mountains
Harappan CivilizationBegan in Indus river valley in 3000 BC
and lasted until 1500 BCGrew as farming and irrigation improvedTwo major early cities: Harappa and
Mohenjo-DaroHouses had indoor plumbingMade pottery, jewelry, ivory objects, and
cotton clothingDeveloped India’s first writing system,
but can’t be translatedNo one knows why this civilization ended!
Aryan Migration and GovernmentLived in central Asia where they
raised and herded animalsFarmed and raised cattle Lived in
small communities with family ties
Each village was governed by a raja
Rajas often went to war with each other
Aryan LanguageDeveloped Sanskrit- the
language of ancient IndiaWas only a spoken language at
first, but was eventually written down.
Is no longer spoken today, but is the root of South Asian languages
Their poems and hymns were put in the Vedas, which were first memorized then written down
Section 2: Origins of HinduismAryan society became complexSociety divided into groups
mostly organized by people’s jobsThere were different rules for
each group
SOCIAL CLASSES (Varnas) OF INDIAN SOCIETY
Brahmins (priests)
Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors)
Vaisyas (farmers, craftspeople, traders)
Sudras (laborers and non-Aryans)
Pariahs (Untouchables)
SOCIETY IN ANCIENT INDIAAryans helped develop the caste
system: social groups that people are born into and mostly likely cannot change
Castes had sutras, or rules for how you could live (marriage, types of jobs, etc.)
Could not socialize with people from other castes
Sets the rules for everyone’s behavior and helped Aryans stay in control
BrahmanismAryan religion was based on the Vedas,
which includes hymns to the godsAryan Brahmins wrote down their
thoughts about the Vedas in collections called the Vedic texts
The 1st two describe religious and secret rituals
The 3rd collection is called the UpanishadsHinduism developed from this religion and
a combination of other cultural ideas
HinduismPolytheistcEach god is part of the universal
spirit called BrahmanEveryone has a soul, or atman,
inside themYour soul will eventually join with
Brahman, which could take several lifetimes
This process of rebirth is called reincarnation
Hinduism and the Caste SystemWhen you are reborn, you take on a new
physical formYour form depends upon your karma, the
effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul
People with good karma are born into higher castes and will eventually bring salvation, or moksha, freedom from rebirth
Each person had a dharma, a set of spiritual duties that you must perform in your caste
Hinduism helped keep the caste system alive because you had to be happy with your station!
Groups React to HinduismSome Indians did not agree with
HinduismSo they looked for other religious
ideasTwo groups formed: the Jains and
the Sikhs
JainismBased on the teachings of Mahavira who lived
around 599 BCHe thought Hinduism focused too much on
ritualsHis teachings are based on 4 principles: injure
no person, tell the truth, do not steal, and own no property
Practice nonviolence, avoidance of violent actions
Believe that everything is alive and part of the rebirth cycle
Won’t harm humans, animals, or plantsAre vegetarians
SikhismBased on the teachings of Guru Nanak who lived
in AD 1400Blended Hindu ideas with Islam and other religionsMonotheistic- believe in one God who has no
physical formGoal is to be reunited with God after deathYou have to meditate to find spiritual
enlightenmentBelieve in reincarnationTeaches that people should live truthfully and
treat everyone equallyPray several times a day and must wear 5 certain
items every day and a turban
Buddhism 600 BC: some Indians began to
question Hindu beliefs and wanted a more spiritual religion
Founded by Siddhartha GautamaWhy did people suffer and how
could their suffering be cured?Left family and lived as a hermit
and would meditate to find the answer
Buddhism (cont)Became known as the
“Enlightened One” or BuddhaSpent the rest of his life
wandering and telling people what he learned
Believed the everyday world was just an illusion
The only way to find truth was to give up all desires, then you would reach nirvana (a state of wisdom)
4 NOBLE TRUTHSLife is full of sufferingPeople suffer b/c of desireThe way to end suffering is to
stop desireThe only way to stop desire is to
follow the Eightfold Path
THE EIGHTFOLD PATHKnow the Noble TruthsGive up worldly things and don’t
harm othersTell the truth, don’t gossipDon’t commit evil actsDo rewarding workWork for good and oppose evilKeep your senses under controlPractice meditation
Buddhism (cont)Did not believe in caste systemBelieved in reincarnation, but to
stop being born into a new life, you had to follow the Eightfold Path
Untouchables and lower class Indians liked Buddha’s ideas
Buddhism in SE AsiaBuddhism split into 2 groups: Theravada: believed Buddha was
a great teacher, not a godAdopted in Ceylon (now Sri
Lanka) and popular in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos
Mahayana BuddhismBelieved Buddha is a god who
came to save peopleBelieved Eight Fold Path was too
difficult to follow in real lifeBelieved people go to a heaven
and then can follow the Eightfold Path to reach nirvana
Spread into China, Korea, and Japan
Mahayana Buddhism in TibetMixed with the traditional religion
with HinduismLamas (Buddhist leaders) lead
the government called theocracyDalai Lama: leads the gov’tPanchen Lama: leads the religionThere are many Buddhists
throughout Asia, but few live in India (Hinduism is still the dominant religion there)
PRE-AP WIOWe will be going to the computer lab later on to make Mixbooks! Mixbooks are digital scrapbooks where we can display information to compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism. www.mixbook.com
Before we can do that though, we have to organize our information. Use your notes to fill out the worksheet that you will use to make your Mixbook.
REG WIO
We will be making a Brochure of India!
Unit 2- Ch 6- India Travel Brochure RUBRIC.doc
Bell Work
HW: NONE!
TODAY’S TITLE: #46 INDIAN CONTRIBUTIONS
RAP: Read the Primary Source box on page 214 and answer the DBQ question: “What does Krishna believe about life after death?”
SEE IF YOU CAN GUESS THE MAIN IDEA!!The Vedas of India- ancient
hymns and prayers for religious ceremonies
Epics- Mahabharata and Ramayana
Kalidasa wrote poems, plays, love stories, and comedies like The Cloud Messenger and Panchantantra
MAIN IDEA: INDIAN LITERATURE
WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?Aryabhata was one of the first to use
algebraOther mathematicians developed the
idea of zero (0) and the concept of infinity
Created the symbols of 1-9Invented mathematical algorithms
(steps to solve a problem, which computer programmers use to tell computers what to do)
MAIN IDEA: INDIAN MATH!
KEEP GUESSING: WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?!Mapped movements of the planets and
starsKnew the Earth was round and revolved
around the sunUnderstood gravityBelieved the universe was made up of
particlesSet broken bones, performed operations
and plastic surgery, and treated illness by trying to remove the cause of the disease
MAIN IDEA: INDIAN SCIENCE!
WIO
Create an advertisement for a product from India. What kinds of products could we use based on what we learned today?You need to have the following:Sale TitleDescription of product/sales pitchPicture of productPrice of productContact information
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