chapter 5 ancient china. first life homo sapiens ◦ 100,000 years – africa ◦ 50,000 – china...
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CHAPTER 5ANCIENT CHINA
FIRST LIFE
Homo sapiens◦100,000 years – Africa◦50,000 – China◦Fire◦Small populations
NEW STONE AGEAgriculture
◦6000-7000 years◦Yellow River◦Crops
◦ Millet
Animals
Beginnings◦Longshan (2000-1500 B.C.E.)
Agriculture, villages
BEGINNINGS
China in the Shang and Zhou
Farming◦Small groups
Shang Society
Ruling class◦Extended families
Commoners
Slaves
Shang Society
Religion◦Fertility◦Sacrifice◦Shamans
Shang Culture
SHANG City-state
King: controlled all
Warfare
SHANG
Writing◦Scribes
Powerful
◦Pictures
SHANGBronze
◦2000 b.c.◦Later, but better than Mesopotamia◦Weapons, vessels
SHANG THOUGHT
Yang ◦Sun=male
Yin◦Moon=female
Significant later periods
Zhou◦Vassal state of Shang◦1100 B.C.E.
ZHOU
Weaken city-state system ◦Mandate of Heaven
Ruling legitimacy Tian (heaven)
◦Bureaucracy Shi
ZHOU SOCIAL ORDER
ZHOU SOCIETYAgricultureTrade +Public worksBook of Songs
◦Poems, song◦Love, marriage, life
Philosophy
WARRING STATES PERIODLater Zhou period401-256 B.C.
Many states, then a few
Why?◦Land◦Trade/economy
WARFARESun Tzu
◦Art of War◦Military strategy
Popular: 19th & 20th cent.
ART OF WAR I. LAYING PLANS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These factors are: 1) The Moral Law; 2) Heaven; 3) Earth; 4) The Commander; 5) Method and Discipline.
9. The COMMANDER stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.
ART OF WAR III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
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