chapter 5 ancient china. first life homo sapiens ◦ 100,000 years – africa ◦ 50,000 – china...
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CHAPTER 5ANCIENT CHINA
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FIRST LIFE
Homo sapiens◦100,000 years – Africa◦50,000 – China◦Fire◦Small populations
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NEW STONE AGEAgriculture
◦6000-7000 years◦Yellow River◦Crops
◦ Millet
Animals
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Beginnings◦Longshan (2000-1500 B.C.E.)
Agriculture, villages
BEGINNINGS
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China in the Shang and Zhou
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Farming◦Small groups
Shang Society
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Ruling class◦Extended families
Commoners
Slaves
Shang Society
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Religion◦Fertility◦Sacrifice◦Shamans
Shang Culture
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SHANG City-state
King: controlled all
Warfare
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SHANG
Writing◦Scribes
Powerful
◦Pictures
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SHANGBronze
◦2000 b.c.◦Later, but better than Mesopotamia◦Weapons, vessels
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SHANG THOUGHT
Yang ◦Sun=male
Yin◦Moon=female
Significant later periods
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Zhou◦Vassal state of Shang◦1100 B.C.E.
ZHOU
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Weaken city-state system ◦Mandate of Heaven
Ruling legitimacy Tian (heaven)
◦Bureaucracy Shi
ZHOU SOCIAL ORDER
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ZHOU SOCIETYAgricultureTrade +Public worksBook of Songs
◦Poems, song◦Love, marriage, life
Philosophy
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WARRING STATES PERIODLater Zhou period401-256 B.C.
Many states, then a few
Why?◦Land◦Trade/economy
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WARFARESun Tzu
◦Art of War◦Military strategy
Popular: 19th & 20th cent.
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ART OF WAR I. LAYING PLANS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These factors are: 1) The Moral Law; 2) Heaven; 3) Earth; 4) The Commander; 5) Method and Discipline.
9. The COMMANDER stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.
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ART OF WAR III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.