chapter 4 the modern period, 1750 to the present day
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Chapter 4The Modern Period, 1750 to the Present Day
Alister E. McGrathHistorical Theology:
An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought
The Enlightenment critique of Christian theologyOmnicompetence of human reasonThe notion of revelationThe status and interpretation of the BibleThe identity and significance of Jesus ChristThe doctrine of the TrinityThe critique of miraclesThe rejection of original sinThe problem of evilRomanticism and the critique of the Enlightenment◦ Intuition, imagination, feelings◦ Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834)
The crisis of faith in Victorian England
A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral (2000)George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans, 1819-90)◦Moral revolt◦ “religion of human sympathy”
Matthew Arnold (1822-88)◦Dover Beach
The Sea of FaithWas once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shoreLay like the folds of a bright girdle furl’d.But now I only hearIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,Retreating, to the breathOf the night-wind, down the vast edges drearAnd naked shingles of the world.
Excerpt from “Dover Beach”
Postmodernism and a new theological agenda
Reason: Critique of universal rationalityTruth: Truth, power, and oppressionHistory: Rejection of universal historySelf: Multiple narratives of identityStructural linguistics◦ Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
Sign = signifier + signified◦Deconstruction: no fixed meaning
Biblical interpretation: Suspicion toward historical-critical method
Systematic theology: Anti-systematization
Key theologians
F. D. E. Schleiermacher (1768-1834)John Henry Newman (1801-90)Karl Barth (1886-1968)Paul Tillich (1886-1965)Karl Rahner (1904-84)Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905-88)Jürgen Moltmann (b.1926)Wolfhart Pannenberg (b.1928)
Some recent Western theological movements and trendsLiberal Protestantism◦Bridging the gap between Christian faith and modern
knowledge◦Christian beliefs in conflict with modern cultural norms:
Abandoned or reinterpreted◦Anchor faith in common human experience◦Optimistic view of human nature◦ Paul Tillich (1886-1965)
Method of correlation◦Criticisms:
Universal human religious experience? Transient cultural developments Abandonment of distinctive Christian doctrines
Modernism◦School of Catholic theologians, end of 19th
century◦Alfred Loisy (1857-1940)◦George Tyrrell (1861-1909)◦Modernism in England◦Modernism in the United States
Neo-orthodoxy◦World War I◦Karl Barth (1886-1968), Church Dogmatics
The self-revelation of God in Christ through Scripture
Dialectical theology Neo-orthodoxy Theology of the Word of God
◦Critiques: Emphasis on transcendence and otherness of God No external reference to verify claims (fideism) No account of other religions
Ressourcement (la nouvelle théologie)◦Catholic theological revival in France◦Return to the sources, traditions, creeds of the
early church◦ Jean Daniélou, “The Present Orientations of
Religious Thought” (1946)◦Theology and spirituality
Feminism◦Conflict with Christianity◦Reappraisal of Christian past: Sarah Coakley
(b.1951)◦The maleness of God
Rosemary Radford Ruether (v.1936) Sallie McFague (b.1933)
◦The nature of sin◦Pastoral theology◦The person of Christ
The problem of the maleness of Christ
Liberation theology◦ Latin America, 1960s and 1970s◦CELAM II: Latin American Catholic bishops in
Medellín, Columbia◦Gustavo Gutiérrez (b.1928), Theology of Liberation ◦God is on the side of the poor and oppressed◦Critical reflection on practice◦Marxism◦Biblical hermeneutics
Scripture as narrative of liberation◦The nature of salvation
liberation and structural sin
Black theology◦ Joseph Washington, Black Religion (1964)◦Albert Cleage, Black Messiah (1968)◦ “Black Manifesto,” 1969◦ James H. Cone (1938)
Black Theology of Liberation (1970)
Postliberalism◦Yale Divinity School, 1970s-80s◦Alasdair MacIntyre (b.1929)◦Anti-foundational◦Communitarian◦Historicist◦George Lindbeck, Nature of Doctrine (1984)
Cultural-linguistic approach◦Paul Holmer, Grammar of Faith (1978)◦Systematic theology as descriptive discipline◦Christian ethics: Stanley Hauerwas (b.1940)
Radical orthodoxy◦ John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory:
Beyond Secular Reason (1993)◦Radical Orthodoxy: A New Theology (1999),
edited by John Milbank, Catherine Pickstock, and Graham Ward
◦Alternatives to modernism and postmodernism
Case study 4.1 The quests of the historical JesusThe original quest for the historical Jesus◦Gulf between the historical Jesus and the Christ of
faith◦Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694-1768)
“On the Aims of Jesus and His Disciples”The critique of the quest, 1890-1910◦Apocalyptic critique
Johannes Weiss, Jesus’ Proclamation of the Kingdom of God (1892)
Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965): thoroughgoing eschatology
The skeptical critique William Wrede (1859-1906) Errors of liberal Protestant Christologies
Inconsistent method Motives of the evangelists Psychological approach
Dogmatic critique Martin Kähler (1835-1912) Christ as “supra-historical” “the real Christ is the preached Christ”
The retreat from history: Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976)◦ “that”◦Christ encountered in the kerygma
The new quest of the historical Jesus◦ Ernst Käsemann (1906-98)◦Continuity between the preaching of Jesus (the historical
Jesus) and preaching about Jesus (the Christ of faith)The third quest◦ John Dominic Crossan◦Marcus L. Borg ◦Burton L. Mack ◦ E. P. Sanders ◦N. T. Wright
Case study 4.2 The basis and nature of salvationThe relation between Christology (the person of
Christ) and soteriology (the work of Christ)Interpretations of the work of Christ
1. Sacrificea) The “threefold office” (prophet, priest, king)b) Sacrifice as heroic self-givingc) Thomas Chubb (1679-1747)d) Joseph Butler (1692-1752)e) Horace Bushnell, Vicarious Sacrifice (1866)
2. Christus victora) Enlightenment: Rational skepticism of resurrection, existence of
evilb) Gustaf Aulén, Christus Victor (1931)
Reality of evil in the world Alternative to legal and subjective approaches
3. Legal approachesa) Representationb) Participationc) Substitutiond) Enlightenment criticismse) P. T. Forsyth, The Justification of God (1916)f) Karl Barth, “The Judge Judged in Our Place”
4. Exemplarist approachesa) Value of the cross = impact on humanityb) Moral example of Jesus as a human beingc) Cross as demonstration of God’s love
The cross: constitutive or illustrative?◦Constitutive: the cross makes salvation possible◦ Illustrative: the cross illustrates God’s saving will
The nature of salvation◦Deification◦Righteousness before God◦Union with Christ◦Moral perfection◦Consciousness of God◦Genuine humanity◦Political liberation
Case study 4.3 The debate over the resurrection
The Enlightenment: the resurrection as non-event◦ Skepticism toward miracles◦Human autonomy
David Friedrich Strauss: the resurrection as mythRudolf Bultmann: the resurrection as an event in
the experience of the disciples◦ Jesus Christ present in the kerygma
Karl Barth: the resurrection as a historical event beyond critical inquiry
Wolfhart Pannenberg: the resurrection as a historical event open to critical inquiry
Case study 4.4 The Trinity in twentieth-century thought
F. D. E. Schleiermacher◦Doctrine of the Trinity as “coping-stone”
Henry Barclay Swete (1835-1917)Karl Barth◦God’s self-revelation to sinful humanity◦Revealedness
Karl Rahner◦ The economic and immanent Trinity
Robert Jenson◦ Father, Son, and Holy Spirit = God’s proper name
Case study 4.5 Twentieth-century discussions of the doctrine of the church“Wherever Christ is, there is also the Catholic Church”
(Ignatius of Antioch)◦ Christ is present sacramentally
Catholic theologians◦ Christ is present through the Word
Karl Barth◦ Christ is present through the Spirit
Liberation theologian Leonardo Boff Orthodox theologian John Zizioulas
Vatican II on the church◦ The church as communion◦ The church as the people of God◦ The church as a charismatic community
Case study 4.6 Natural theology and the rationality of faith
The “two books of God”: nature and ScriptureWilliam Paley, Natural Theology (1802)◦God as watchmaker ◦Contrivance
John Henry Newman (1801-90)◦ Limitations of natural theology
Emil Brunner v. Karl Barth, 1934
Case study 4.7 The feminist critique of traditional Christian theology
The “maleness” of GodThe doctrine of the Trinity◦Creator, redeemer, sustainer
A male Jesus of NazarethTraditional concepts of sin
Case study 4.8 Christian approaches to other religions
Universal notion of religion?◦Trinitarian approaches to other religions
Raimundo Panikkar (1918-2010)Particularism (exclusivism)Inclusivism◦Fulfillment hypothesis◦Karl Rahner: anonymous Christians◦Parallelism
Pluralism◦ John Hick (1922-2012)
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