chapter 23. industry and empire the new imperialism europe controlled most of the african continent...
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INDUSTRY, EMPIRE, AND EVERYDAY
LIFE
Chapter 23
Industry and Empire
The New ImperialismEurope controlled most of the African continentExpanded into Asia
○ French in Indochina○ Dutch in Indonesia○ English into Africa, Middle East
Nationalism – citizens took pride in their country’s conquests
Marianne North connected the empire to citizens daily lives.
Marianne North
The Advance of Industry
Franco-Prussian War ends in 1870German victoryFrance cedes Alsace and part of LorraineGermany unites under Wilhelm I (Kaiser)
○ Otto Von Bismarck named first Reich chancellor.
Continental power shifts towards the new unified Germany.
The Advance of Industry
1870s-1890sKarl Benz invents a workable gas engineArmand Peugeot constructs working car –
beings working with Daimler. Eiffel Tower built in 1889
Production of coal, steel, and iron increase exponentially.
Sometimes known as the “second” Industrial Revolution.
Rise of German Power Challenges British
German power begins to take off after Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine had textile industries
and rich iron deposits.New industrial processes and mass
production of goods.Begins to spend as much on education as it
does on military.○ Famous German engineers.
Facing Economic Crisis
1873: Economic depression hits most of Europe.
Before 1850, economies rely on agriculture. After 1870, economies rely on industry.
Shift from labor intensive to capital intensive industry
Mass production lowers scarcity, prices dropFirms lower wages and fire people to make up
for the difference.
Revolution in Business Practice
Earlier, factory owners were involved in all aspects of their business.
By the 1870s they began to hire specialized managers to run these aspects.
Explain how these new business practices began to reshape gender roles. What is one negative aspect of these shifts?
The New Imperialism
Britain and France “Invest” in Egypt Suez Canal, railroads, harbors, telegraph
systems, high interest loans 1879: BR & FR take over Egyptian treasury
(guarantee repayment of loans) 1882: They invade to squash native
resistanceBR seizes gov’t and reshapes Egyptian economy
○ Used to be self-sufficient multi crop, now few crops (cotton, silk, wheat) – Egypt suffers
The New Imperialism
France Invades Tunisia, 1881 To protect its Algerian colony FR & Britain flood Asia Minor and the
Levant with cheap goodsDestroying domestic business there.Drives local artisans into low-wage labor
jobs.Both use ethnicity and religion to set wages
○ Muslims paid less than Christians○ Arabs paid less than other ethnic groups
Scramble for Africa – “The Magnificent Cake”
Britain Shift from slave trade to raw material
extraction – palm oil, cotton, metals, diamonds.
Belgium Pure predatory imperialism in the Congo
Leopold II installs a kind of encomienda system amongst the natives.
Scramble for Africa
Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 Called for by Portugal, organized by
Otto von Bismarck. It regulated European colonization and
trade in Africa. General Act of the Berlin Conference
formalized the so-called Scramble for Africa.Virtually ended any African autonomy
Scramble for Africa
Southern Africa British and Dutch battle the Xhosa, Zulu, et. al.
for control of the land.Dutch moved into area by 17th cent (called Boers
thereafter)“I contend that we are the finest race in the world…
and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is.” - Cecil Rhodes
Britain “should rule the country as if there were no inhabitants.”
Social Darwinism begins to be used to justify racist sentiments.
Acquiring Asia TerritoryBritain
Malay PeninsulaBurma
Russia – (Khanates)TurkmenistanParts of AfghanistanBorders of Persia (Iran)
FranceIndochina (Laos, Cambodia, Cochin China -
Vietnam)
March Towards World War?The Paradoxes of Imperialism
Begins to create distrust amongst the European powers.○ Austria-Hungary, Russia, and rival ethnic
groups disputed control of Balkans. Costs were great
○ Armies, bureaucratic control, all paid for by the taxpayers of the country.
What do you think the biggest paradox of imperialism was/is?
Migrations of Working People One third of all European migrants came
from the British IslesPotato famine, landlords kicking farmers out to get
higher rents from newcomers. Destinations included
North & South AmericaNew ZealandAustralia
Migrants would send money back to their home country, support family members, improve life.
Adaptation to Industrial ChangeWhat do you think the effect on workers will be when they are suddenly faced with new machines that run much more quickly than previous?
Workers forced to work at “unrealistic pace”Much more physical exertion, with no increase in
payAnimosity between the managers and the workers.Unionization
How do we reconcile small federal government with top-down industrial capitalism?
The Birth of Mass Politics1880s: the pace for improvement in working conditions accelerates. London Matchstick Girls: struck to end
the fining system, wages, and working conditions (white phosphorous is toxic)Publicized by the press (much freer press
back then, see US labor press of 19th century).
The girls won their demands and the strike ended
The Birth of Mass Politics
Governments began responding to strikes with police or paramilitary forceWhy the violent reaction from governments
(state or local)?○ Democracy?○ Adam Smith’s maxim that the principle architects
of policy are merchants and manufacturers.
New Unionism: a development in labor that employed salaried managers to plan wide-spread general strikes.
The Birth of Mass PoliticsEuropean Workers Become Active Labour Party – England Socialist Party –France Social Democratic Party – Sweden,
Hungary, Austria, GermanyMost inspired by Marxist theories
Second International: 1889, formed in Paris by workers across Europe. Attempted to continue Marx’s First International.
Expanding Political Participation
1. Journalism: gives working class an opportunity to learn and share ideas. Fuels public interest in politics.
2. British Political Reform: William Gladstone – new approach to
campaigning. Speaks with ordinary working people. Spoke out against empire.
The Ballot Act of 1872 – made voting secretReform Act of 1884 – enfranchised many
urban workers and artisans.
Expanding Political Participation
Irish Politicians Rise Up Irish National Land League: 1879,
opposed absentee landownership.Nationalist representatives elected from this
group.Vote as a bloc in English Parliament.Charles Stewart Parnell: advocated home
rule, a system of giving Ireland its own parliament.
Expanding Political Participation
France’s Third Republic Napoleon III’s defeat at the hands of the
Prussian’s led to the Third Republic, replacing the Second Empire.Bonapartists, Orleanists, and Bourbons all struggle
to restore their families to power. Henri of Artois – Count of Chambord – attempted to
revive the monarchy. Refused to accept tricolored flag.○ Opted instead to adopt the white flag with the fleur-de-
lis of the Bourbons.○ Rejected from office in the 1870s.
Expanding Political Participation
France’s Third Republic 1875: New constitution creates presidency
and premiership dependent on support from an elected Chamber of Deputies.Third Republic would last until WWII, when
France folds (like a house of cards) to the Nazis.
Economic downturns, corruption, and antisemitism keeps the republic on shaky ground. ○ Jews blamed for economy, etc…
France Galvanizes Ideology Leaders attempt to strengthen citizen loyalty.
Compulsory and free public education, 1880sSecular teachers support republicanism, replace
Catholic clergy.Centralized curriculum
○ Patriotic readings – courses in French geography, lit, and history.
Mandatory military service ○ Shift from local loyalty and Catholicism toward
national pride.○ “Schools and the Army turn peasants into
Frenchmen.”
Liberalism Rejected Spain and Belgium: male suffrage in 1890
and 1893 respectively, but remained monarchies.Landowners and Catholic church dominated
Spain. Denmark and Sweden: limited progress in
the Netherlands. Only 14% male suffrage by 1895.
Italy: universal suffrage to all men with primary education (14%).Debt, and a disconnected citizenry in the south.
Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia industrialize
at different rates.Germany quickly, Russia more slowly.
Bismarck’s Germany Goals achieved, he seeks diplomacy instead of
war.Calls Germany “satisfied” and forms the Three
Emperors’ League – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
Kulturkampf defeated, he stops persecuting Catholics. Starts attacking socialists and liberals as enemies of the state.
Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe
Bismarck’s GermanyOutlaws the Social Democratic Party (using
a failed assassination attempt in Kaiser Wilhelm I).
Implements tariff to protect German agriculture and industry.○ Increases food prices, owners had to pay
workers more.Stops working with political liberals,
increases power of agrarian conservatives.
Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe
Austria-Hungary Parts of the empire industrialized through
liberal economics. Liberals decline under the leadership of
Count Edouard von Taaffe (PM). Began to play nationalities off each other.
Centralizes role of the government in holding together competing interest groups.
Balkins rebel against Ottoman rule.
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