chapter 2 origins and development of law enforcement

Chapter 2

Origins and Development of Law

Enforcement

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Introduction

Development of formal policing systems

Changes when Industrial Revolution

arrived

Emergence of modern professional

police

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Early Origins of Social Control

Lex Talionis

Code of Hammurabi

Vigiles (Vigilante)

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Development of Formal Policing

2200 BC Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon

1340 BC Nile River Police established in Egypt 510 BC Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court 27 BC Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus 400-800 Law enforcement in England is based on traditional

notions of individual justice and punishment 899 System of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by

Alfred the Great 1285 Statute of Winchester establishes the watch-and-ward

system in England 1326 Justices of the peace first appointed by the king in England 1748 Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London 1829 Creation of the London Metropolitan Police

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Development of Formal PolicingEngland—From Tithing to Posse Comitatus The King’s Peace

King’s subjects are his property

Shires and tithes

Constables and posses

Bow Street Runners

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Development of Formal PolicingEngland—The Formal System of Policing Sir Robert Peel

Metropolitan Police Act—1829

Peel’s Principles of Policing

Bobbies—1856

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Development of Formal PolicingPeel’s Principles

Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing (1829)

1. The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines.2. The police must be under governmental control.3. The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of the police.4. The distribution of crime new is essential.5. The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential.6. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet determined manner has more effect than violent action.7. Good appearance commands respect.8. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency.9. Public security demands that every police officer be given a number. 10. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people.11. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. 12. Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength.

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Development of Formal PolicingUnited States—Early Watch Systems

Justice of the Peace

Sheriff

Constables

Night Watch

Vigilante Committees

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Slave Codes

Slave Patrols established mid-1740s

Precursors to modern police forces

Jim Crow Laws enacted 1880s

Development of Formal PolicingUnited States—Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Eras of American PolicingThe Political Era (1840–1930)

Spoils System

Pendleton Act of 1883 Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance

Wickersham Commission 1929

Women and Minorities

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Eras of American PolicingOrigins of the Reform Era

Faces of Reform: Early Leaders August Vollmer—Father of Police

Professionalism

O.W. Wilson—The Protégé

J. Edgar Hoover—The FBI

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Policing as a Profession

Replacement of patronage systems

Job security for administrators and

leaders

Centralized policing and

recordkeeping

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Profession Criteria Organized body of knowledge

Advanced study

Code of ethics

Prestige

Standards of admissions

Professional association

Service ideal

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Advanced Study

1960s—High School degree required

1964 Law Enforcement Education

Program

National Institute of Justice

American Society of Criminology

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Code of Ethics

Organizational value system

Accountability mechanisms

1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of

Ethics and Police Code of Conduct

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Prestige

“Prestige refers to which

profession is seen as

desirable for employment

or worthy of respect.”

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Standards of Admission

Character and background

checks

Psychological testing

Requirements modified over

time

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Professional Associations

1893 International Association of Chiefs of Police

1915 International Association of Policewomen

Currently Police Executive Forum Police Foundation Commission for the Accreditation of Law

Enforcement Agencies

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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A Service Ideal

Crime control

Community service

Speed of response time

Incident handling efficiency

Police community relations

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing

Traditional strategies

Police-community relations

Rising crime rates

Uniform Crime Reports

Dark Figure of Crime

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Structure Part I: Violent personal crimes

Part II: Property crimes

Cleared crimes

Exceptional clearance

Crime Indices

Limitations

Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry

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Dark Figure of Crime

Underreported crime

National Crime Victimization Survey

Only about 39% of crime reported to

police

Limitations of NCVS

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ReflectionsOn Chapter Two

1. What are the similarities between our current policing system and the watch system? The Code of Hammarabi?

2. In what way can policing be a political issue?3. Why were there so few women and minority police officers at the turn

of the century? Why are they still so underrepresented?

4. Is there a political/police figure today as groundbreaking as Robert Peel?

5. Would the U.S. system of policing work in England? Why or why not?

6. Compared to professions such as law, medicine, and accounting, do you consider policing to be a profession? Why or why not? What criteria do you use to make your determination?

7. How can police officers improve their relationship with the public while avoiding the corruption that was rampant during the Political Era?