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Chapter 11Major Minerals and Bone Health
review
How does the brain sense that you are dehydrated, and what are some ways it corrects for this?
Tell your neighbor one cool fact you learned about water.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minerals in the Body Minerals are elements needed by the body
in small amounts for health and maintenance.
Major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight.
Trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight.
Minerals
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minerals in the Diet
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mineral Talk To maintain health, minerals must be consumed in the
correct proportions. Minerals are available in unprocessed foods, some
processed foods and dietary supplements. Processing can cause mineral loss ie) when the bran of a
grain is removed. Some minerals are added during processing of a food (ie, sodium to foods, or iodine to milk).
Bioavailability phytates, oxalates, and tannins can limit the body’s
ability to absorb calcium, zinc and iron. minerals can compete with each other for absorption.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except?
calcium
sodium
copper
zinc
Minerals as Cofactors
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1. Mineral cofactor combines with incomplete enzyme to form active enzyme. 2. Enzymes binds
two molecules of a chemical reaction and accelerates their transformation into final products
3. Final products released while enzyme remains unchanged
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The most abundant mineral in the body is_____.
a) calcium.
b) sodium
c) potassium.
d) water
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium Talk Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Calcium accounts for 1–2% of adult body weight. Calcium provides the structure to bones and teeth and has
important regulatory roles. Calcium is absorbed by passive diffusion (especially when
levels are high) and active transport, depending on the availability of the active form of vitamin D.
Calcium absorption is higher if your needs are higher (infants absorb 60% of Calcium, young adults absorb 25%, estrogen increases calcium absorption in pregnancy 25%).
Bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of tannins, fiber (small), phytates (significant) and oxalates.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The recommended intake of calcium for adults is:
a) 600-800 mg/d
b) 800-1000 mg/d
c) 1000-1200 mg/d
d) 1200-1400 mg/d
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium in the Diet
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium’s Role in the Body
99% of calcium in the body is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth.
The remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid.
Calcium found in the body’s fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation and the release of hormones.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which statement about vitamin D is correct?
a) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the active transport of calcium across the intestine.
b) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine.
c) Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is
high.
d) Adequate consumption of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.
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Regulation of Blood Calcium
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones. __________ raises blood calcium and ___________ lowers blood calcium levels.
calcitonin; aldosterone
calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin
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Calcium and Bone Health
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The mineral portion of bone is composed of calcium associated with phsophorus known as hydroxy appetite crystals
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The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called ________ bone
cortical
enameled
extrinsic
trabecular
Gender and Bone Mass
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Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
At around age 35
a) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown.
b) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown.
c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.
d) the skeleton is weak and fractures easily
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Loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed
osteofissure
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
osteopropensia
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Osteoporosis Risk
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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Smoking and Bone Health smoking impedes the hormone calcitonin *1 Nicotine and free radicals kill osteoblasts*2 Nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco, which
can increase free radical formation, leading to osteoporosis *3
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The risk of osteoporosis is decreased by all of the following
weight bearing exercise
low body weight
increased muscle mass
high body weight and fat
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The group with the highest bone density is:
African Americans
Non-Hispanic whites
Hispanics
Asians
Genetic factors account for as much as 70 % of the variation in bone density and osteoporosis risk.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which of the following is a reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis?
Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men.
Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause.
Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause.
The changes in hormones that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium containing foods.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphorus in the Diet
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphorus Talk Phosphorus makes up about 1% of an adult’s body. 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones and
teeth. Phosphorus is an important component of molecules with
structural or regulatory roles. Phosphorus is more readily absorbed than calcium. Phosphorus is not as strictly controlled as calcium but is still
kept in ratios allowing for bone mineralization (both Vit D and PTH influence it)
Phosphorus deficiency can lead to bone loss, weakness and loss of appetite.
Phosphorus toxicity is rare, but can lead to bone resorption.
Phosphorus in Soda
Soft drinks have long been suspected of leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. When phosphate levels are high and calcium levels are low, calcium is pulled out of the bones. The phosphate content of soft drinks like Coca -Cola and Pepsi is very high, and they contain virtually no calcium.“
The United States ranks first among countries for soft drink consumption with a per capita consumption of approximately 15 ounces a day
Michael Murray ND and Joseph Pizzorno NDEncyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Revised Second Edition
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphorous is essential for energy production since it is part of:
a) ATP
b) NADH
c) FADH2
d) DNA
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnesium Talk About 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bone,
where it is essential for the maintenance of structure. both Vit D and PTH influence it
Most of the remaining magnesium is present inside cells, where it is the second most abundant intracellular ion, after potassium.
Magnesium is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes. It is necessary for the generation of energy from carbohydrate, lipid and protein.
Magnesium deficiency is rare. When it does occur, especially in individuals with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease or in people taking diuretics, it may cause nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, mental derangement and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat.
Magnesium toxicity is rare.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnesium in the Diet
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Most of the magnesium in the body is in:
a) the bone
b) the blood
c) intracellular fluid
d) extracellular fluid
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sulfur Talk
Dietary sulfur is found in protein foods and sulfur-containing amino acids in vitamins.
Dietary sulfur is also found in nonfood additives, such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite.
Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are needed for protein synthesis.
The vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur. There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of
a) adipose tissue
b) bones and teeth
c) enzymes
d) some amino acids and vitamins
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Summary of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulfur
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true?
a) Calcium is better absorbed from breast milk than from infant formulas.
b) Diets high in phytates increase calcium
absorption.
c) Pregnant women need more calcium in their diet in order to supply the needs of the growing fetus.
d) Women who breast feed need more
calcium.
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 11
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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