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Challenges of Urbanisation
& Globalisation
Prepared by:Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD
Feb 2016
Based on original lecture note by:
Wan Nurul Mardiah Wan Mohd Rani, PhD
URBANIZATION• What is Urbanization?
Urbanization refers to
the concentration of
human populations into
discrete areas, leading
to transformation of land
for residential,
commercial, industrial
& transportation
purposes.
URBANIZATION• Why does it matter?
Urban development has increased
dramatically in recent decades,
and this increase is projected to
continue.
On a national scale, urbanization
affects relatively little land cover,
but it has a significant ecological
footprint—meaning that even small
amounts of urban development can
have large effects on stream
ecosystems.
www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/.../How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higherthan today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developingcountries.
Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percentof the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today).
Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now.
In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, foodproduction (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent.Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes.
The world has considerable land reserves which could in theory be converted toarable land.
FAO projects that by 2050 the area of arable land will be expanded by 70 millionhectares, or about 5 percent. This would be the net balance of an expansion by 120million hectares in the developing countries and a contraction of arable land infavour of other uses in developed countries by 50 million hectares.
Fesh water reserves - at global scale, there are sufficient capacities, but these arevery unevenly distributed.
URBANIZATION• Common ways to
quantify
Measure Description
% Total urban area Area in all urban land uses
% High intensity urban Area above some higher development threshold
% Low intensity urban Area above some lower development threshold
% Residential Area in residential-related uses
% Commercial/industrial Area in commercial- or industrial-related uses
% Transportation Area in transportation-related uses
% Total impervious area Area of impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots and roofs; also called impervious surface cover
% Effective impervious area Impervious area directly connected to streams via pipes; also called % drainage connection
Road density Road length per area
Road crossing density # Road-stream crossings per area
Population density # People per area
Household density # Houses per area
70% of trash is
recycled
Converting trash into
coupon (food & bus
passes)
Efficient transportation
planning
66% using public
transport (2.1 mil / 3.2
total population)
1 bus (300 pass @ 50k
people/hour)
According to Marcuse (2008 in Jenks et al) impact of globalization is the creation
of “World Class Cities”.
He has list some of the characteristics of really existing globalization, as they
effect urban development/ urbanization:
1. A concentration of ownership and control in the hands of a decreasing
number of overwhelming multi-national corporations.
2. A shift of power relations between firms, government and workers
3. Commitment of local governments to competition among cities for
economically profitable businesses.
4. A rapid development of technology, particularly in communications and
transportation and information processing, enabling much wider spans of
control and networking firms.
The impact of these forces on cities can be divided
between the impact on cities as a whole and the impact on
specific aspects of the built environment within cities.
Mainly economic process involving trade relations and
market process. Complex process, means different things
and delivering different outcomes to different countries and
people.
Often ignoring well being of people, burden with military
spending, corruption and cultural identity. Non economic
aspects of globalization i.e. political and cultural
globalization.
Large number of poverty (land grabbing issue) and low
life expectancy in less developed countries.
Imbalance in the ecological system and climate change.
Wars and friction either between or within nations.
Violation of human rights.
Corruption prevails.
Illiterate and low level of education in less developed
countries.
GLOBAL ISSUES
Food and water are basic commodities
to ensure populations survival and good
health.
Difficult if have to depend on
surrounding regions for this e.g.
Singapore which relies on foreign food
and water.
State’s control that influence personal
behavior through laws and penalties to
ensure environmental friendly behavior.
Environmental Implications for a Global City
Atmospheric changes:
Global warming – hot and dry spell that can lead to
drought and water shortages or major floods.
Ozone damaging chlorofluorocarbon – from air
conditioners and refrigerators.
Air pollution – derived mainly from lead and
carbon monoxide released from car vehicles
Global environmental change
Discussion
“Can urban development be sustained?”
Reducing
ecological
footprints
Sustaining the
production of
wealth
Reducing ecological footprints
• Urban “self-sufficiency” is impossible
• Geographical location does not equal ecological
location
• The wealthy have bigger footprints within a city
• Globalization can increase urban vulnerability
• Urban form and technology have important
environmental impacts
• Cities create ecological benefits, as well as costs
Sustaining the production of wealth
• Counting “goods” and “bads” equally
• Disregarding equity
• Ignoring changes in natural capital
• Not accounting for changes in human resources
• Failing to value noncountable economic activities
Discussion
Principles for Sustaining Urban Development
• Address fundamental problems
• Deal with underlying causes
• Design with nature
• Share, adapt and replicate successful approaches
• Humanize cities
Issue Conventional Design Ecological Design
Key criteria Economic return Human and ecological health
Form Standard approaches are copied around the
globe
Designs respond to the bioregion, and local culture,
needs and conditions
Energy Bias towards non-renewable fossil fuels and
nuclear energy
Bias toward renewable energy and reduction of
greenhouse gases
Materials use High degree of waste, with air, water and land
degradation
Emphasis on reuse, recycling, ease of repair,
flexibility and durability
Time horizon Short-term Long-run
Spatial scale Focus on one scale Consider interrelationships and integrate across
scales
Relationship with
environment
Design is imposed on nature for better control;
nature is hidden
Design works with nature as a partner; nature is
visible
Knowledge base Narrow disciplinary focus Integrate across disciplines
Decision-making Top-down and expert-driven Participatory *
Discussion
Practical Lessons Learned for Planning & Designing
Urban
• Start with the problems of the poor and vulnerable
• Involved stakeholders – *bottom-up
• Use clear sets of criteria, objectives and indicators
• Find least-cost solutions
• Recognize and built capacity - *Curitiba
• Institutionalize the environmental dimension
• Sense of place and community is the soul of
cities
In dealing with issues of urban dynamics,
sustainable city must have commitment to reflect the
need of the society through meaningful public
participation and consensus building. Local
government need to be transformed into a vibrant
and dynamic and challenging forum for debate.
References
• P. Marcuse and R van Kempen (2000), Globalizing cities – a newspatial order, Blackwell.
• H Richardson and CHC. Bae, (2005) Globalisation and urbandevelopment, Springer
• M. Jenks and N. Dempsey (2005), Future forms and design forsustainable cities, Architectural Press.
• A. Cuthbert, (2011) Understanding Cities, Routledge
• R.B Singh (2001) Urban Sustainability in the context of globalchange, Science Publishers.
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