cement stabilization of roads
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CEMENT STABILIZATION OF ROADS
CSIR Transportek
Frank Netterberg
VKE/Soillab
(C&CI Steering Committee)
Terms of Reference
• Consortium was contracted by the Cement and Concrete Institute (C&CI) on behalf of its members to:
– Investigate the influence of the new SABS EN 197-1 cement specifications on the use of cement as a road material stabilizer (ie is TRH 13 still appropriate).
Progress and programme
• Interviews within the industry (completed) • Design laboratory test programme (completed)
• Carry out laboratory testing (completing ±3 weeks)
• Report (end July 2003)
• Workshop
Test programme
• Seven cements
• Two materials
• Initially workability and strength to be assessed
Cements
Full range of standard and non-standard cement tests on each cement
Cement Source Specific characteristics
CEM I 42,5CEM I 42,5CEM II A-M (S) 42,5CEM II A-M (L) 42,5 CEM II A-L 32,5CEM II B-V 32,5CEM III A 32,5
PPC Hercules OPCLafarge Lichtenburg Duratech Alpha Roodepoort Lafarge Lichtenburg Powercrete PPC Slurry Surebuild Alpha All PurposeNPC Eagle Pro
High C3A content
Mod C3A content
Portland composite (Slag)Portland composite (limestone) Portland limestone cementPortland flyash cementBlastfurnace cement
Materials
Dolerite (low plasticity index (PI < 6) Dolerite (medium-high PI ±10)
Full range of standard and non-standard material tests on each sample
Stabilization testsAll tests with 3% cement and at 100 % Mod AASHTO effort All tests use < 37.5 mm fraction Materials compacted after 2 and 4 hoursMaterials conditioned at 10, 23 and 40ºCCured for 7 days at 23°C and 95-100% humidity Tested for density and strength (UCS and ITS)
Results
WR03/
HOPC CEM l 42.5
2116 2062 2132 2079 2062 2093 2085
10.2 10.8 10.2 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.5
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2106 2114 2120 2127 2119 2096 2111
ITS (kPa) 148 287.8 271.3 260.7 218.7 354.4 324.8
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2092 2057 2146 2068 2068 2081 2114
ITS (kPa) 60.8 222 214.6 172.7 322.3 296 282.9
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2061 2070 2076 2023 2010 2037 2062
ITS (kPa) 89.6 189.1 135.7 111.8 162.8 185 212.1
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2100 2125 2097 2111 2057 2061 2133
ITS (kPa) 187.5 393 291.9 169.4 371.7 333.8 320.7
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2080 2054 2145 2039 2109 2073 2098
ITS (kPa) 129.9 167.7 207.2 254.1 147.2 208 209.7
Avg. Density
(kg/m3) 2057 2035 2051 1992 2020 2028 2068
ITS (kPa) 42.8 115.1 74.8 75.6 149.6 151 176
STABILIZER ADDED
NPC Eagle Cem III A-S
32.5
Alpha High
Strength Cem II A-M
42.5
Alpha All Purpose
Cem II B-V 32.5
PPC Surebuild CEM ll A-L
32.5Duratech Cem I 42.5
Powercrete Cem II A-M
42.5
Max. dry density (kg/m3)
Optimum moisture (%)
2 h
ou
rs a
fter
hyd
rati
on
@ 10°C
@ 23°C
@ 40°C
4 h
ou
rs a
fter
hyd
rati
on
@ 10°C
@ 23°C
@ 40°C
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
2120
2140
2160
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
Dry
den
sity
(kg/
m3)
7(10)
1(10)
2(10)
3(10)
4(10)
5(10)
6(10)
1(23)
2(23)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
7(23)
1(40)
2(40)
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)
7(40)
Mean 10
Mean 23
Mean 40
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
UC
S (k
Pa)
7(10)1(10)2(10)3(10)4(10)5(10)6(10)1(23)2(23)3(23)4(23)5(23)6(23)7(23)1(40)2(40)3(40)4(40)5(40)6(40)7(40)Mean 10Mean 23Mean 40
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
ITS
(kP
a)
7(10)
1(10)
2(10)
3(10)
4(10)
5(10)
6(10)
1(23)
2(23)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
7(23)
1(40)
2(40)
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)
7(40)
Mean 10
Mean 23
Mean 40
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
UC
S (
kP
a) 1(10)
2(10)
1(23)
2(23)
1(40)
2(40)
CEM 1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
UC
S (
kP
a)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
CEM II (23oC)
CEM II 40oC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
UC
S (k
Pa) 3(40)
4(40)5(40)6(40)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2 4
Conditioning time (hrs)
UC
S (
kP
a)
7(10)7(23)7(40)
CEM III
bryan@cnci.org.za
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