cellular respiration aerobic respiration let’s review anaerobic respiration: does not require...
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Cellular RespirationAerobic Respiration
Let’s ReviewAnaerobic Respiration:
Does not require Oxygen
Aerobic Respiration:REQUIRES Oxygen
Name 2 types of Fermentation1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Where does GLYCOLOSIS occur in the cell?In the CYTOPLASM
Do you need Oxygen for glycolysis?NO
Last time…We discussed that our CELLS need to produce ATP as a means on energy to function
We begin this process by breaking down FOOD MOLECULES such as GLUCOSE in a process known as GLYCOLYSIS
In the ABSENCE of oxygen, our cells perform anaerobic cellular respiration (FERMENTATION)
GlycolysisFIRST step in ALL TYPES of cellular Respiration
Breaks down one Molecule of Glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvate
Where?: in the CYTOPLASM of the cell
Produces a net amount of ATP USE 2 ATP to start (-2)
Produces 4 ATP (+4)
4-2= 2 ATP
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html
Glycolysis: No Oxygen Needed
CYTOPLASM
MITOCHONDRIA
GLYCOLYSIS
INPUTS:• 1 Glucose• 2 ATP
OUTPUTS:• 2
Pyruvates• 4 ATP (2
net)
Glycolysis
Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP.
1 3
1
GlucoseStep
2
3
4
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates.
4
Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH.
55
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
6
Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced.
6 9 3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)7
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
9
(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)
Pyruvic acid
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Energy In: 2 ATP
Energy Out: 4 ATP
NET 2 ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
1. Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
2. Krebs Cycle
3. ETC
36 ATP
2. Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Or
Alcoholic Fermentation
General Outline
Aerobic Respiration
In AEROBIC respiration, Oxygen is present
After Glycolysis, the Pyruvates produced enter the KREBS CYCLE (aka- Citric Acid Cycle)
The next step after the Krebs Cycle is the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
General Outline for Aerobic Respiration
Starts with GLYCOLYSIS
Then goes into
Krebs Cycle (AKA- Citric Acid Cycle
Ends in Electron Transport Chain
Net Products(per 1 glucose
molecule)2 Pyruvates2 ATP
2 ATP6 NADH2 FADH
~34 ATP
Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-APyruvate is converted into Acetyl
Co-A which enters the Krebs Cycle
This is done by a series of Redox reactions which involve the gaining or loss of electrons between NAD+ and NADH
(electron carriers)
LEO the lion says GER
Oxidation reactions are either a REDUCTION reaction or an OXIDATION reaction
LEO: Lose Electron- Oxidation
GER: Gain Electron- Reduction
When NAD+ gains an H (NADH) it is reduced
When NADH loses an H (NAD+) it is oxidized
Electron Carriers: NADH and FADH
NADH and FADH are molecules that carry and transfer ELECTRONS
This transfer of electrons is similar to how electricity works
Think about how you get electricity to a hair dryer
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_nad__works.html
2nd pathway: Krebs CycleAKA- Citric Acid Cycle
WHERE? In the MITOCHONDRIA MATRIX
Each Pyruvate activates one turn in the cycle
Thus, 1 glucose molecule =2 pyruvates = 2 turns
Products of Krebs:-CO2-NADH-FADH-ATP
Krebs Cycle Products
For every 1 glucose molecule (i.e- 2 pyruvates) Krebs produces:
2 ATP (energy!)6 NADH (???)2 FADH (???)4 CO2 (by product)
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_2_.html
3rd Pathway: Electron Transport Chain
WHERE?: the INNER MEMBRANE of the Mitochondria
-This is where the MOST ATP is generated through what we call oxidative phosphorylation
-Electron carriers (NADH) transfer electrons along the membrane and a proton gradient forms, fueling the process to create ATP
-the ETC produces between 32-34 ATP moleculeshttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_formation_of_atp__quiz_1_.html
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
Remember, Aerobic Respiration occurs when there is oxygen present
Role of oxygen comes into play in the Electron Transport Chain
When the electrons transfer through the membrane, they eventually get transferred to the Oxygen
When O2 picks electrons up and then forms WATER by bonding to the H+ protons
Oxygen is the ELECTRON ACCEPTER
ATP Synthasehttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_vie
w0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_formation_of_atp__q
uiz_1_.html
Along the Mitochondria’s membrane, there are proteins aiding in the electron transport process
One Protein is the ATP-making machine (ATP synthase)
H+ ions pass down through ATP synthase, and allow the bonding of ADP to P to create ATP
Why do we care? Cyanide Poisoning
Watch Video
When Cyanide poisoning occurs, it stops the process of electron transfer at Cytochrome A3 (right before ATP synthase)
ATP production stops
Build up of Oxygen occurs
Symptoms: flushed, red skin, rapid breathing, death within minuts
Cell Respiration Song
Because we love science in a song….
http://www.quia.com/rr/216170.html
Respire to be a Millionaire
Summary of Cellular Respiration Reactions (make
sure to know these!)Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2 +6H2O + (36-38ATP)
(remember- it’s the reverse of photosynthesis!)
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration:
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Glucose + (NADH) Alcohol (i.e- ethanol) + CO2 + 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Glucose + (NADH) Lactic Acid + 2 ATP + (NAD+)
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