cellular organelles cellular transport. history 1665 – robert hooke – observation of cork cells...
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•Cellular Organelles
•Cellular Transport
History•1665 – Robert Hooke – observation of cork cells
•1833 – Robert Brown – nucleus discovery
Robert Hooke’s work•
Cell Theory•Schleidan, Schwann, Virchow
–All organisms made up of one or more cells
–Cells are the basic unit of anatomy and physiology
–New cells come from existing cells by reproduction
2 basic types of cells• prokaryotic
• eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells• prokaryotic
– Pro = before/ kary = nucleus– Oldest known form of life– Very primitive– Small (about 1 micrometer)– No membrane bound organelles – Ex. bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells•Eu = true•Have membrane bound
organelles and a nucleus•Large (20 – 50) micrometers•Specialized organelles carry
out cell functions
Two main types of eukaryotic cells
•Plant Cells
•Animal Cells
Plant cell
Animal Cell•
Anatomy and Physiology•Cellular organelles found within eukaryotic cells
The Nucleus•Contains DNA•Surrounded
by nuclear membrane
•Brain of the cell
Interior of Nucleus•Inside are long thin strands of chromatin and nucleic acid
Anatomy of nucleus•Nucleolus –
makes and stores RNA and ribosomes
•Nuclear membrane – selectively permeable
Electron Micrograph of Nucleus•
Ribosomes•Site of protein synthesis– free floating or attached to rough ER
Mitochondria•“Power house” of the cell
•Enzymes release energy
Two membranes• Inner membrane –
“cristae” – folded like shelves to increase surface area
• Outer – separates organelle from cytoplasm
Electron Micrograph of Mitochondria•
Endoplasmic Reticulum•Transport of protein and lipids
Two types•Rough ER•Smooth ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum•Site of protein synthesis•Transport to smooth ER
Smooth ER•No ribosomes•Forms vesicle
and transports to Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus•Discovered by Camillio Golgi
Function• Proteins vesicles
enter • Carbohydrates
are added or material is concentrated (H2O removal)
• New membrane formed and secreted
Lysosomes•Recycling centers•Breaks down worn and
damaged cell structures•Unaffected by digestive
enzyme inside
Lysosomes•Common in animals
VacuolesUsually fluid filled structuresStorage
1. Animals – cytoplasm, temporary storage site, small2. Plants – very large, hold water3. Unicellular – digestion, storage, contractile vacuoles remove water and waste
Cytoskeleton• Miniature
internal support system in cytoplasm
• Composed of microtubules
• Give cells shape
Centrioles•Mostly in animals•Near nucleus•Composed of microtubules
•Cellular reproduction
Plastids•Plant cells only•Three types
–Chloroplast–Leucoplast–Chromoplast
Chloroplast•Most common•Green
pigment – chlorophyll
•Glucose is made
1.Chloroplast2.Leucoplast – storage or
proteins, lipids, starches3.Chromoplast – yellow,
red, and orange pigments
• http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa033000a.htm
• www.virtualcell.com
Plasma Membrane•Protective Barrier
•Selectively Permeable
Structure of membrane•Double layer of phospholipid molecules and proteins
•Constant motion
Function•Prevents large particles from entering
•Permits molecules like O2, CO2, and H2O
Cell Wall•Composed of cellulose•Gives shape and rigidity
3 parts•Primary cell wall – soft and
flexible•Secondary cell wall – develops
when cell reaches full size, gives strength
•Middle Lamella – jellylike polysachharide material called pectin
Part II
Cellular Transport
Cellular Transport•Regulated by the cell membrane
•Dependent on the type of solution and concentration gradient
3 Types of Solutions• Hypotonic – lower concentration
of solutes than solvent • Hypertonic – higher
concentration of solutes than solvent
• Isotonic – solution same on both sides of membrane
Examples•Hypotonic – distilled water + red blood cells
•Hypertonic – salt water + red blood cells
•Isotonic – animal red blood cells in 80% water
If the cell is in….•Distilled water….the cell will burst
•Salt water…the cell will shrink
2 Types of Cellular Transport•Passive Transport – NO energy required to get materials across concentration gradient
•Active Transport – energy required
3 types of Passive transport•Movement from high concentration to low concentration–Diffusion–Facilitated diffusion–Osmosis
Diffusion•Movement of molecules in gases and liquids from high concentration to low
•Ex. Food coloring in water, perfume in air
Facilitated diffusion•Carrier molecules carry other
molecules across concentration gradient–Very few molecules can do this–Proteins carry glucose molecules into red blood cells
Osmosis•Movement of molecules in liquids by going across a membrane
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Homeostasis•For a cell to survive, it must be able to maintain the process of homeostasis, maintenance of constant internal environment, despite external change
Active Transport•Energy is required to move
materials against the concentration gradient, from low concentration to high
•2 types–Endocytosis–Exocytosis
Endocytosis•Movement “inside” cell
–Pinocytosis – cell drinking–Phagocytosis – food particles•Ex. Amoeba engulfing food particles encased in vacuoles
Exocytosis•“outside” of cell
–Release of large molecules and waste products, membrane breaks open and vacuole is released
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