cellular organelles cellular transport. history 1665 – robert hooke – observation of cork cells...
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Robert Hooke’s workTRANSCRIPT
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•Cellular Organelles
•Cellular Transport
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History•1665 – Robert Hooke – observation of cork cells
•1833 – Robert Brown – nucleus discovery
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Robert Hooke’s work•
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Cell Theory•Schleidan, Schwann, Virchow
–All organisms made up of one or more cells
–Cells are the basic unit of anatomy and physiology
–New cells come from existing cells by reproduction
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2 basic types of cells• prokaryotic
• eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Cells• prokaryotic
– Pro = before/ kary = nucleus– Oldest known form of life– Very primitive– Small (about 1 micrometer)– No membrane bound organelles – Ex. bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cells•Eu = true•Have membrane bound
organelles and a nucleus•Large (20 – 50) micrometers•Specialized organelles carry
out cell functions
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Two main types of eukaryotic cells
•Plant Cells
•Animal Cells
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Plant cell
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Animal Cell•
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Anatomy and Physiology•Cellular organelles found within eukaryotic cells
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The Nucleus•Contains DNA•Surrounded
by nuclear membrane
•Brain of the cell
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Interior of Nucleus•Inside are long thin strands of chromatin and nucleic acid
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Anatomy of nucleus•Nucleolus –
makes and stores RNA and ribosomes
•Nuclear membrane – selectively permeable
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Electron Micrograph of Nucleus•
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Ribosomes•Site of protein synthesis– free floating or attached to rough ER
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Mitochondria•“Power house” of the cell
•Enzymes release energy
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Two membranes• Inner membrane –
“cristae” – folded like shelves to increase surface area
• Outer – separates organelle from cytoplasm
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Electron Micrograph of Mitochondria•
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Endoplasmic Reticulum•Transport of protein and lipids
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Two types•Rough ER•Smooth ER
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum•Site of protein synthesis•Transport to smooth ER
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Smooth ER•No ribosomes•Forms vesicle
and transports to Golgi apparatus
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Golgi Apparatus•Discovered by Camillio Golgi
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Function• Proteins vesicles
enter • Carbohydrates
are added or material is concentrated (H2O removal)
• New membrane formed and secreted
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Lysosomes•Recycling centers•Breaks down worn and
damaged cell structures•Unaffected by digestive
enzyme inside
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Lysosomes•Common in animals
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VacuolesUsually fluid filled structuresStorage
1. Animals – cytoplasm, temporary storage site, small2. Plants – very large, hold water3. Unicellular – digestion, storage, contractile vacuoles remove water and waste
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Cytoskeleton• Miniature
internal support system in cytoplasm
• Composed of microtubules
• Give cells shape
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Centrioles•Mostly in animals•Near nucleus•Composed of microtubules
•Cellular reproduction
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Plastids•Plant cells only•Three types
–Chloroplast–Leucoplast–Chromoplast
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Chloroplast•Most common•Green
pigment – chlorophyll
•Glucose is made
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1.Chloroplast2.Leucoplast – storage or
proteins, lipids, starches3.Chromoplast – yellow,
red, and orange pigments
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• http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa033000a.htm
• www.virtualcell.com
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Plasma Membrane•Protective Barrier
•Selectively Permeable
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Structure of membrane•Double layer of phospholipid molecules and proteins
•Constant motion
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Function•Prevents large particles from entering
•Permits molecules like O2, CO2, and H2O
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Cell Wall•Composed of cellulose•Gives shape and rigidity
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3 parts•Primary cell wall – soft and
flexible•Secondary cell wall – develops
when cell reaches full size, gives strength
•Middle Lamella – jellylike polysachharide material called pectin
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Part II
Cellular Transport
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Cellular Transport•Regulated by the cell membrane
•Dependent on the type of solution and concentration gradient
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3 Types of Solutions• Hypotonic – lower concentration
of solutes than solvent • Hypertonic – higher
concentration of solutes than solvent
• Isotonic – solution same on both sides of membrane
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Examples•Hypotonic – distilled water + red blood cells
•Hypertonic – salt water + red blood cells
•Isotonic – animal red blood cells in 80% water
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If the cell is in….•Distilled water….the cell will burst
•Salt water…the cell will shrink
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2 Types of Cellular Transport•Passive Transport – NO energy required to get materials across concentration gradient
•Active Transport – energy required
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3 types of Passive transport•Movement from high concentration to low concentration–Diffusion–Facilitated diffusion–Osmosis
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Diffusion•Movement of molecules in gases and liquids from high concentration to low
•Ex. Food coloring in water, perfume in air
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Facilitated diffusion•Carrier molecules carry other
molecules across concentration gradient–Very few molecules can do this–Proteins carry glucose molecules into red blood cells
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Osmosis•Movement of molecules in liquids by going across a membrane
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Homeostasis•For a cell to survive, it must be able to maintain the process of homeostasis, maintenance of constant internal environment, despite external change
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Active Transport•Energy is required to move
materials against the concentration gradient, from low concentration to high
•2 types–Endocytosis–Exocytosis
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Endocytosis•Movement “inside” cell
–Pinocytosis – cell drinking–Phagocytosis – food particles•Ex. Amoeba engulfing food particles encased in vacuoles
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Exocytosis•“outside” of cell
–Release of large molecules and waste products, membrane breaks open and vacuole is released
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