cell biology (c)-2015 cell biology (c)-2015 karen lancour national bio rules committee chairman...

CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2015

KAREN LANCOUR National Bio Rules

Committee Chairman karenlancour@charter.net

Event Rules – 2015

DISCLAIMERThis presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules.  The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

Event Rules – 2015

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2015 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout - content information Practice Activities - sample stations with key Sample Tournament – sample problems with

key Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event

needs, and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the

Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information

Biology-Earth Science CD, Cell Biology CD (updated 2015) in Science Olympiad Store at www.soinc.org

GAME PLAN POWERPOINT FOR OVERVIEW HANDOUT FOR DETAIL OF INFORMATION

NEEDED INTERNET RESOURCES AND CD FOR

MORE HELP PRACTICE ACTIVITIES TO MASTER

SKILLS SAMPLE COMPETITION UNDER TIMED

CONDITIONS TO EXPERIENCE COMPETITION SITUATION

Student Preparation

Team work skills Time limits Answering questions Measurement and Calculations Reference materials Review basic principles of cell

biology Construct sample stations

Cell Biology (C) Competition – topics chart Process Skills - observations,

inferences, predictions, data analysis, and calculations

Event Parameters – be sure to check the rules for resources allowed and safety goggles required.

Topics - Regional and State

Biological monomers and polymers also HDL & LDL

Cellular Homeostasis (pH, molarity, etc.) Enzymes Cell organelles/structures and their functions Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

cells QUALITATIVE aspects of photosynthesis and

respiration Membrane structure and function Movement across membranes Importance of ATP Structure of viruses Cell cycle and mitosis Chromosome Structure Fermentation Products and their uses

Topics – Nationals

All of topics from state and regional plus: Cell communication and membrane receptors Apoptosis Enzyme inhibition Stem cell concepts and uses Viral replication C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants Consequences of changes in protein shape Cancerous vs normal cells Genomics Bioethics relating to above topics

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic – single cell with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic – most cells – with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Cell Membrane

Animal Cell – “ Compare to a factory”

Know the function of cell organelles

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope – double membrane

chromatin – DNA

RNA nucleolus –

Ribosome sub-units

Organelles – “factory components with function”

Support - Cell wall , cell membrane cytoskeleton, microtubles Controls material entering and leaving - Cell membrane, pores

Internal transport system – Endoplasmic reticulum

Powerhouse - mitochondria

Control center – nucleus, organelle DNA for mitochondria and chloroplast

Production of key products – ribosomes, endoplastic reticulum, chloroplasts

Packaging center for shipment of products – Golgi Apparatus, ER

Shipment of materials out of cell - Golgi Apparatus, vesicles

Storage of liquids and solids – Vacuole, vesicles, plastids,

Recycling center – Lysosomes and perixosomes

Convert light energy to chemical energy - chloroplasts

Allows new cell factories to be produced – nuclear DNA, centrioles, cell wall

Chromosome Structure

a. Nuclesosomes – Core of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins plus linkerDNA

b. Solenoid – coiling of nucleosomes like phone cord

c. Chromatin fiber – series of nucleosomes

d. Metaphase chromosomes

Plant Cell – Special Features

Cell wall – protection and support

Chloroplast - for photosynthesis

Large central vacuole-

for storage and increase surface area

Movement Across Membranes

• Diffusion: molecules moving from high to low concentration; concentration = #molecules/volume

•Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selective membrane; amount of water is opposite of number molecules-if water is high, solute (molecules) is low.

•Facilitative diffusion: just like diffusion (high to low) but a protein carrier is involved Note: diffusion will continue but rate of transport with carrier will level off because carrier becomes saturated

Osmosis

Hypertonic - high solute concentration relative to another solutionHypotonic - low solute concentration relative to another solutionIsotonic - solute concentration is the same as that of another solution

Plant Cells – Turgor Pressureand Plasmolysis

Animal Cells – in different solutions

Passive Transport – no energy used

Active Transport – uses energy

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Monomers and Polymers

monomer polymer example Reagents

simple sugar(monosaccharide

)

polysaccharide

starch, cellulose,glycogen (animal)

Benedicts-glucoseIodine-starch

amino acid protein, polypeptid

e

hair, enzyme,hemoglobin,

insulin

Ninhydrin,Biuret

nucleotide nucleic acid DNA, RNA methyl green

fatty acid/glycerol

fat or tri glyceride

cooking oil, butter

grease test withbrown paper

pH Hydrogen ion

concentration Liquid may be acid, base or neutral 7 is neutral Below 7 is acidic Above 7 is basic Logarithmic Buffers in cells

Enzymes Catalysts Made of Protein May have non-protein

parts Lower Activation

Energy Not changed during

reaction Enzyme-substrate

complex Inhibition –

Competitive and noncompetitive

Importance of ATP

Energy storage chemical for cell processes

Most of ATP is produced via electron transport chain

Main reason that cells need oxygen: to allow them to make lots of ATP

Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis – Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose, cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.

Cell Respiration

Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy which is incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals require oxygen.

NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to cell.

Fermentation Products and their Uses

Carbon dioxide – bread making

Alcohol – wine making and brewing

Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt

Cell Cycle

G1 Phase – high rate of biosynthesis and growth

S Phase – DNA content doubles and chromosomes replicate

G2 Phase - final preparations for Mitosis

M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis Prophase – chromatid pairs

coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatid pairs attach to spindle fibers (microtubules)

Metaphase – chromatid pairs move to the equator, chromatid pairs align at the equator

Anaphase – chromatids separate into individual chromosomes, chromosomes are pulled apart toward the equator by the spindle fibers (microtubules)

Telophase - chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane reforms

Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells

Control of Cell Cycle

Structure of Viruses

Non-cellular infectious agent

Composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat

Replicates only after its genetic material enters a host cell

Subverts the host’s metabolic machinery

Viral Reproduction