cell biology (c)-2015 cell biology (c)-2015 karen lancour national bio rules committee chairman...
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Event Rules – 2015
DISCLAIMERThis presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.
Event Rules – 2015
BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2015 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL
TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview Training Handout - content information Practice Activities - sample stations with key Sample Tournament – sample problems with
key Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event
needs, and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the
Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information
Biology-Earth Science CD, Cell Biology CD (updated 2015) in Science Olympiad Store at www.soinc.org
GAME PLAN POWERPOINT FOR OVERVIEW HANDOUT FOR DETAIL OF INFORMATION
NEEDED INTERNET RESOURCES AND CD FOR
MORE HELP PRACTICE ACTIVITIES TO MASTER
SKILLS SAMPLE COMPETITION UNDER TIMED
CONDITIONS TO EXPERIENCE COMPETITION SITUATION
Student Preparation
Team work skills Time limits Answering questions Measurement and Calculations Reference materials Review basic principles of cell
biology Construct sample stations
Cell Biology (C) Competition – topics chart Process Skills - observations,
inferences, predictions, data analysis, and calculations
Event Parameters – be sure to check the rules for resources allowed and safety goggles required.
Topics - Regional and State
Biological monomers and polymers also HDL & LDL
Cellular Homeostasis (pH, molarity, etc.) Enzymes Cell organelles/structures and their functions Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells QUALITATIVE aspects of photosynthesis and
respiration Membrane structure and function Movement across membranes Importance of ATP Structure of viruses Cell cycle and mitosis Chromosome Structure Fermentation Products and their uses
Topics – Nationals
All of topics from state and regional plus: Cell communication and membrane receptors Apoptosis Enzyme inhibition Stem cell concepts and uses Viral replication C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants Consequences of changes in protein shape Cancerous vs normal cells Genomics Bioethics relating to above topics
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic – single cell with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic – most cells – with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Cell Membrane
Animal Cell – “ Compare to a factory”
Know the function of cell organelles
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope – double membrane
chromatin – DNA
RNA nucleolus –
Ribosome sub-units
Organelles – “factory components with function”
Support - Cell wall , cell membrane cytoskeleton, microtubles Controls material entering and leaving - Cell membrane, pores
Internal transport system – Endoplasmic reticulum
Powerhouse - mitochondria
Control center – nucleus, organelle DNA for mitochondria and chloroplast
Production of key products – ribosomes, endoplastic reticulum, chloroplasts
Packaging center for shipment of products – Golgi Apparatus, ER
Shipment of materials out of cell - Golgi Apparatus, vesicles
Storage of liquids and solids – Vacuole, vesicles, plastids,
Recycling center – Lysosomes and perixosomes
Convert light energy to chemical energy - chloroplasts
Allows new cell factories to be produced – nuclear DNA, centrioles, cell wall
Chromosome Structure
a. Nuclesosomes – Core of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins plus linkerDNA
b. Solenoid – coiling of nucleosomes like phone cord
c. Chromatin fiber – series of nucleosomes
d. Metaphase chromosomes
Plant Cell – Special Features
Cell wall – protection and support
Chloroplast - for photosynthesis
Large central vacuole-
for storage and increase surface area
Movement Across Membranes
• Diffusion: molecules moving from high to low concentration; concentration = #molecules/volume
•Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selective membrane; amount of water is opposite of number molecules-if water is high, solute (molecules) is low.
•Facilitative diffusion: just like diffusion (high to low) but a protein carrier is involved Note: diffusion will continue but rate of transport with carrier will level off because carrier becomes saturated
Osmosis
Hypertonic - high solute concentration relative to another solutionHypotonic - low solute concentration relative to another solutionIsotonic - solute concentration is the same as that of another solution
Plant Cells – Turgor Pressureand Plasmolysis
Animal Cells – in different solutions
Passive Transport – no energy used
Active Transport – uses energy
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Monomers and Polymers
monomer polymer example Reagents
simple sugar(monosaccharide
)
polysaccharide
starch, cellulose,glycogen (animal)
Benedicts-glucoseIodine-starch
amino acid protein, polypeptid
e
hair, enzyme,hemoglobin,
insulin
Ninhydrin,Biuret
nucleotide nucleic acid DNA, RNA methyl green
fatty acid/glycerol
fat or tri glyceride
cooking oil, butter
grease test withbrown paper
pH Hydrogen ion
concentration Liquid may be acid, base or neutral 7 is neutral Below 7 is acidic Above 7 is basic Logarithmic Buffers in cells
Enzymes Catalysts Made of Protein May have non-protein
parts Lower Activation
Energy Not changed during
reaction Enzyme-substrate
complex Inhibition –
Competitive and noncompetitive
Importance of ATP
Energy storage chemical for cell processes
Most of ATP is produced via electron transport chain
Main reason that cells need oxygen: to allow them to make lots of ATP
Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose, cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.
Cell Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy which is incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals require oxygen.
NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to cell.
Fermentation Products and their Uses
Carbon dioxide – bread making
Alcohol – wine making and brewing
Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt
Cell Cycle
G1 Phase – high rate of biosynthesis and growth
S Phase – DNA content doubles and chromosomes replicate
G2 Phase - final preparations for Mitosis
M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis Prophase – chromatid pairs
coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatid pairs attach to spindle fibers (microtubules)
Metaphase – chromatid pairs move to the equator, chromatid pairs align at the equator
Anaphase – chromatids separate into individual chromosomes, chromosomes are pulled apart toward the equator by the spindle fibers (microtubules)
Telophase - chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells
Control of Cell Cycle
Structure of Viruses
Non-cellular infectious agent
Composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat
Replicates only after its genetic material enters a host cell
Subverts the host’s metabolic machinery
Viral Reproduction