business statistics (t-test) : an analysis of paradigm shifts in behavioral patterns

An Analysis of Paradigm Shifts in Behavioral Patterns : Before and After Graduation

Behavior• An aggregate of the responses, reactions or movements made

by a person in any situation

Responses

Reactions

Movements

Stimuli Behavior

• Prone to changes

Graduation

Behavioral Change Model

Leadership Skills

Intellect

Social Skills

Undesirable Skills

Leadership Skills

Intellect

Social Skills

Undesirable Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

Leadership Skills

Leadership Skills

Intellect

Social Skills

Undesirable Skills Source:Barker, R. A. (2001). The nature of leadership. Human Relations, 54, 469-494.

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

Leadership Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

How clear are you on your aspirations, dreams and values ?

Leadership Skills

1• Very Low

2• Low

3• Average

4• High

5• Very High

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

How dedicated are you in achieving your goal ?

Leadership Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

Do you listen carefully to your people and encourage them to express their opinions ?

Leadership Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

How good are you in integrating the team to improve team’s performance ?

Leadership Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

Do you resolve conflict as it occurs, and consider the best interests of all concerned ?

Leadership Skills

Vision

Dedication

Listening Skills

Team Building

Conflict Handling

Motivation

Leadership Skills

Do you motivate your team mates to do their best on the job ?

Step 1 : Set Null and alternative hypothesesH0 : μd = 0 (No change in leadership skills)

H1 : μd ≠ 0

Step 2 : Determine the appropriate statistical test

Step 3 : Set the level of significanceα = 0.05

1;)( 21

ndf

n

sd

td

Step 4 : Set the decision ruleValue of α is 0.05 and the degrees of

freedom is 20. The tabular t value is t0.05,20 = ±2.086. The null hypothesis will be rejected if the observed value of t is less than - 2.086 or greater than + 2.086

Step 5 : Collect the sample data

Sample data: Leadership Skills

Step 6 : Analyze the dataExcel: Leadership Skills

Minitab: Leadership Skills

Step 7 : Arrive at a statistical conclusion and business implication

The observed t-value -4.82 is less than the tabular t-value -2.086. Hence Null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a significant change in the leader skills of a student.

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

Leadership Skills

Intellect

Social Skills

Undesirable Skills

Source:Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T.J., Jr., Bykin, A.W., Brody, N., Ceci, S.J., et al (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101 .

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

How good is your verbal and numerical reasoning ?

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

How adept are you at solving practical problems of everyday life?

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

How well can you understand and express your own emotions ?

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

How well can you regulate your own emotion ?

Cognitive Intelligence

Intellect

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

How well can you perceive and understand others’ emotions ?

Cognitive Intelligence

Intelligence

Practical Intelligence

Expression

Regulation

Recognition

Emotional Intelligence

Step 1 : Set Null and alternative hypothesesH0 : μd = 0 (No change in Intellect)

H1 : μd ≠ 0

Step 2 : Determine the appropriate statistical test

Step 3 : Set the level of significanceα = 0.05

1;)( 21

ndf

n

sd

td

Step 4 : Set the decision ruleValue of α is 0.05 and the degrees of

freedom is 20. The tabular t value is t0.05,20 = ± 2.086.The null hypothesis will be rejected if the observed value of t is less than - 2.086 or greater than + 2.086

Step 5 : Collect the sample dataSample data: Intellect

Step 6 : Analyze the dataExcel: IntellectMinitab: Intellect

Step 7 : Arrive at a statistical conclusion and business implication

The observed t-value -4.45 is less than the tabular t-value -2.086. Hence Null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a significant change in the intellect of a student.

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

Leadership Skills

Intelligence

Social Skills

Undesirable Sills

Source :Witt, L.A., & Ferris, G. R. (2003). Social Skill as moderator of the conscientiousness-performace relationship: Convergent results across four studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 809-820.

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

How accurately can you perceive the traits , motives and intentions of others ?

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

How effectively can you induce positive reactions in others ?

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

How skilled are you at changing others attitudes and behavior in desired direction ?

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

How adaptable are you to varying social situations ?

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

How proficient are you at understanding and controlling emotional aspects of life ?

Perception

Impression

Persuasion

Adaptability

Awareness

Control

Social Skills

&

Step 1 : Set Null and alternative hypothesesH0 : μd = 0 (No change in Social Skills)

H1 : μd ≠ 0

Step 2 : Determine the appropriate statistical test

Step 3 : Set the level of significanceα has been specified as 0.05

1;)( 21

ndf

n

sd

td

Step 4 : Set the decision ruleValue of α is 0.05 and the degrees of

freedom is 20. The tabular t value is t0.05,20 = ± 2.086.The null hypothesis will be rejected if the observed value of t is less than - 2.086 or greater than + 2.086

Step 5 : Collect the sample dataSample data: Social Skills

Step 6 : Analyze the dataExcel: Social SkillsMinitab:Social Skills

Step 7 : Arrive at a statistical conclusion and business implication

The observed t-value -4.608 is less than the tabular t-value -2.086. Hence Null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It can be concluded that there is a significant change in the social skills of a student.

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Leadership Skills

Intellect

Social Skills

Undesirable skills

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

Source :Kelley, R. Mark., Young, M., Denny, G., & Lewis, C. (2005), Liars, Cheaters, and Thieves: Correlates of undesirable character behaviors in adolescents. American Alliance for Health, Physcial Education, Recreation and Dance.

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

How often do you postpone work ?

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

How frequently do you lose your temper ?

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

How pessimistic are you ?

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

How lazy are you ?

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

How willing are you to manipulate others for your benefit ?

Procrastination

Temper

Pessimism

Laziness

Undesirable skills

Machiavellianism

Step 1 : Set Null and alternative hypothesesH0 : μd = 0 (No change in Undesirable Skills)

H1 : μd ≠ 0

Step 2 : Determine the appropriate statistical test

Step 3 : Set the level of significanceα = 0.05

1;)( 21

ndf

n

sd

td

Step 4 : Set the decision ruleValue of α is 0.05 and the degrees of

freedom is 20. The tabular t value is t0.05,20 = ± 2.086.The null hypothesis will be rejected if the observed value of t is less than - 2.086 or greater than + 2.086

Step 5 : Collect the sample dataSample data: Undesired Skills

Step 6 : Analyze the dataExcel: Undesired SkillsMinitab: Undesired Skills

Step 7 : Arrive at a statistical conclusion and business implication

The observed t-value 1.834 lies in the range of t-value ± 2.086. Hence Null hypothesis is accepted. It can be concluded that there no significant change in the undesired skills of a student.

Statistical Inference

• The Leadership skills, Intellect and social skills of students has significant change after graduation. Graduation has added value to these qualities.

• The Undesirable skills of students have not changed after graduation

References

• Barker, R. A. (2001). The nature of leadership. Human Relations, 54, 469-494.

• Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T.J., Jr., Bykin, A.W., Brody, N., Ceci, S.J., et al (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101 .

• Witt, L.A., & Ferris, G. R. (2003). Social Skill as moderator of the conscientiousness-performace relationship: Convergent results across four studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 809-820.

• Kelley, R. Mark., Young, M., Denny, G., & Lewis, C. (2005), Liars, Cheaters, and Thieves:

Correlates of undesirable character behaviors in adolescents. American Alliance for Health, Physcial Education, Recreation and Dance.

• Greenberg J. (2011) Behavior in Organizations.

• Bajpai, N. (2012). Business Statistics.

Thank You