business enviornment1(types of organisation)

Business Environment 商业（企业）环境

Tutor: XIONG Jiayi 熊 嘉 逸

Self-Introduction：

XIONG Jiayi (Irene) 熊嘉逸

LLB of China University of Political Science and Law中国政法大学法学学士

LLM of City University of Hong Kong (WTO)香港城市大学世界贸易组织法法学硕士

E-mail: irenexiong@hotmail.com

About this Unit

What – what are we going to learn?

Why – why do we need to learn?

How – how to learn?

What – what are we going to learn?

Organisations 组织（ types, aims, stakeholders( 利益关系人 ), objectives responsibilities ）

Environment 商业环境 （ economic system, role of state, government policy ）

Competition 竞争状态 （ market types, market forces and organisational responses ）

Why – why do we need to learn?

The unit provides us:

- an understanding of the context （环境背景） in which organisations function

- a solid base of understanding of the parameters( 因素 ) within which organisations act in the future units

How – how to learn?

LecturesPresentation Independent assignmentSmall testsGames

Chapter 1

The types of organisations

组织（企业）的类型

The types of organisations

Classify （分类） in a variety of ways, including: Size (e.g. large, medium, small) Type of industry (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary) Sector （部门） (e.g. private sector, public sector) Legal status （法律地位）(e.g. sole trader, partnership, and company)

The key terms

Sole trader 独资经营Partnership 合伙企业Limited Liability Company 有限责任公司Joint Stock company 股份有限公司

The sole trader 独资经营

Being your own boss, making your own decisions

The simplest and easiest method of trading Unlimited personal liability（无限连带责

任） for the debts of the business Most popular form of business organisation nu

merically( 数字上的 ) High mortality rate （高死亡率）

Sole Trader

Can you give me some examples?

The partnership 合伙经营

Two or more people establish （成立，建立） a business which they own, finance and run jointly for personal gain

Irrespective （不考虑） of serious form and formal written agreement

共同出资 合伙经营 共享收益 共担风险

QUESTION：

The ways of capital contributions?

出资方式？

QUESTION:

Is Labor allowed ?

可否以劳动力出资？

WAYS：

Currency Intellectual Property Right Land use rightother non-monetary propertiesLabor (agreement)

The partnership 合伙

Unlimited personal liability jointly and severally( 共同责任承担 )

Downsides:

the binding on the members （成员行为的约束力） ;

disagreement without formal agreement （意见分歧）

Partnership

Case Analyse

Company 公司

A company is corporate body recognised by law as having a legal identity separate from that of its members (i.e. shareholders)

由法律承认并被法律视为具有独立于其成员（如：股东）的法律人格的合作性组织。

Person（人在法律上的分类）

Juridical/Legal person 法人 vs Natural person 自然人

Compare（区分）

Juridical/Legal person 法人 vs Representative of Juridical/Le

gal person 法人代表

Company

Property and assets of the company （公司财产） belong to company but not members.

Personal asset of members ( 成员个人财产 ) belong to members but not company.

Compare with Sold Trader and Partnership

Key terms in Company

Company Directors 董事 Managing Director 管理董事 The board of directors 董事会 Articles of association 公司章程 Shareholder 股东 Stakeholder 利益相关人（银币的故事）

Glossary（术语表）：

Company Directors – Individual appointed or elected by a company’s shareholders to run the company and to represent their interest. 公司董事

Managing Director – the chief administrative of ex

ecutive officer within a company who is responsible for ensuring that Board decisions are put into effect and who forms the key link between the Board of directors and the management team of senior executives. (CEO) 管理董事

Glossary:

Articles of association – a document regulating the internal administration of a company including the rights of shareholders, the qualifications required of directors and rules relating to company, etc.

公司章程，是指公司依法制定的、规定公司名称、住所、经营范围、经营管理制度等重大事项的基本文件。公司章程对公司、股东、董事、监事、经理具有约束力。

Glossary:

Shareholder – the owners (or members) of a company 股东

Stakeholder – anyone with an interest in an organisation and who is affected by and can affect its performance 利益相关人

Company Law

The term “company” as mentioned in Company Law of the People‘s Republic of China refers to a limited liability company or a joint stock company limited established within the territory （领域） of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with （符合） the provisions （条款） of this law.

Company Law of the PRC- Article 3

A company is an enterprise juridical person, which has independent juridical person property and enjoys the property right of the juridical person. And it shall bear the liabilities for its debts with all its property.

公司是企业法人，有独立的法人财产，享有法人财产权。公司以其全部财产对公司的债务承担责任。

Limited liability company有限公司

The conditions for being a limited company under Chinese company law: 设立有限责任公司，应具备下列条件：

- a minimum of 30,000RMB

股东出资达到法定资本最低限额； - a maximum of 50 shareholders 股东符合法定人数； - Articles of Association 股东共同制定公司章程； - company name; required departments

有公司名称，建立符合有限责任公司要求的组织机构； - business place 有公司住所。

Limited liability companies 有限公司

In the event of insolvency( 破产清算 ), an individual’s liability is limited to the amou

nt invested in the business; 股东以出资为限对公司承担责任； the company takes the debt responsibility on

all its assets. 公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任。

Company Law of the PRC- Article 3

As for a limited liability company, the shareholders shall be responsible for ( 对…负责 ) the company to the extent of（以 .. 为限） the capital contributions they have paid.

有限责任公司的股东以其认缴的出资额为限对公司承担责任

QUESTION

I like to be my own boss but I don’t want to take unlimited responsibility.

Can I run A one-person Limited Liability Company?

ANSWER

YES!

There is a special type of limited liability company which meets your requirement.

One-person limited liability company

"one-person limited liability company" refers to a limited liability company with only one natural person shareholder or a juridical person shareholder.

It is a special type of limited liability company.

一人独资公司

One-person limited liability company

The minimum amount of registered capital of a one-person limited liability company shall be RMB 100, 000 Yuan. 最低投资额

The shareholder shall, in a lump sum, pay the capital contribution as specified in the articles of association. 一次性足额交清

One-person limited liability company

One natural person is allowed to establish merely one one-person limited liability company which shall not set up any further one-person limited liability company.

每人仅此一家

one-person limited liability company

A one-person limited liability company shall, in the company registration, give a clear indication that it is solely-funded by one natural person or one juridical person, and the same shall be specified in the business license of the company.

明确注明为一人独资有限公司

one-person limited liability company

The articles of association 章程 of a one-person limited liability company shall be formulated by the shareholders.

公开注明义务

one-person limited liability company

If the shareholder of a one-person limited liability company is unable to prove that the property of the one-person limited liability company is independent from his own property, he shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the company.

证明独立性义务 否则，要承担连带责任

one-person limited liability company

Double taxes 双重纳税义务（公司营业税和个人所得税） (compare with sole trader)

Stock company 股份有限公司

The conditions for being a stock company 设立股份有限公司，应当具备下列条件：

- a minimum of 500,0000RMB 发起人认购和募集的股本达到法定资本最低限额；

- 2~ 200 shareholders 发起人符合法定人数； - Articles of Association 公司章程，发起人制订公司章程，

采用募集方式设立的经创立大会通过； - business place 有公司住所。 - company name, required departments 有公司名称，建立

符合股份有限公司要求的组织机构； - stock 股份发行、筹办事项符合法律规定；

Joint stock company有限公司

In the event of insolvency( 破产清算 ),

an individual’s liability is limited to the share he holds in the business;

股份有限公司的股东以其认购的股份为限对公司承担责任。 ( 区别：有限责任公司的股东以其认缴的出资额为限对公司承担责任）

the company takes the debt responsibility on all its assets.

公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任。

Company Law of the PRC- Article 3

As for a joint stock limited company, the shareholders shall be responsible for the company to the extent of the shares they have subscribed to.

股份有限公司以其认购的股份为限对公司承担责任。

The way of establishment 设立方式

A joint stock limited company may be established by ways of promotion （发起设立） or stock floatation （募集设立） .

compare with limited liability company----only by the way of promotion 区别有限责任公司（仅有发起设立）

Promotion 发起设立

promotion means that the initiators establish a company by subscribing for all of the shares that should be issued by the company.

发起设立是指由发起人认购公司应发行的全部股份而设立的公司。

Stock floatation 募集设立

stock floatation means that the initiators establish a company by subscribing for some of the shares that should be issued by the company and offering the remaining shares to the general public or to particular objects for subscription.

募集设立是指由发起人认购公司应发行股份的一部分，其余部分向社会公开募集或者向特定对象募集而设立的公司。

Listed Company上市公司

Listed company refers to the joint stock limited companies whose shares are listed and traded in a share exchange.

上市公司是指其股票在证券交易所上市交易的股份有限公司。

对比 非上市股份有限公司

Compare two company types

Limited liability company

vsStock limited company