building construction instructor brian ward. purpose why should we, as firefighters, be concerned...
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PurposePurpose
Why should we, as firefighters, be Why should we, as firefighters, be concerned with building construction?concerned with building construction?
IntroductionIntroduction
In order to maintain a high expectation of In order to maintain a high expectation of safety with personnel, we decided that a safety with personnel, we decided that a new program which is concerned with new program which is concerned with specific situations and new construction be specific situations and new construction be developed. developed.
IntroductionIntroduction
The content of this class is comprised from The content of this class is comprised from Brannigan’s Building Construction for the Brannigan’s Building Construction for the Fire Service 4Fire Service 4thth Edition. Edition.
Terminal Performance ObjectivesTerminal Performance Objectives
Understand the importance of building Understand the importance of building construction knowledge.construction knowledge.
Describe construction concepts/features Describe construction concepts/features that can help firefighters predict and that can help firefighters predict and mitigate hazards.mitigate hazards.
Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives
Explain different types of loads placed on Explain different types of loads placed on a structure.a structure.
Examine the structural elements that are Examine the structural elements that are included in a structure.included in a structure.
Analyze the transmission of loads.Analyze the transmission of loads.
LoadsLoads
DeadDead PermanentPermanent
LiveLive Any load not attached or permanent.Any load not attached or permanent.
Impact Impact Drop a bowling ball on the floor.Drop a bowling ball on the floor.
Lateral ImpactLateral Impact Gas explosion.Gas explosion.
LoadsLoads
Static/RepeatedStatic/Repeated Slow and remain Slow and remain
constant.constant. WindWind
Torsional or twisting Torsional or twisting loadsloads
ConcentratedConcentrated Loads located at one Loads located at one
specific point.specific point. Suspended Suspended
MezzanineMezzanine
Orientation of LoadsOrientation of Loads
AxialAxial Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the
plane, passes through plane, passes through the center.the center.
EccentricEccentric Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the
plane but does not plane but does not pass through the pass through the center.center.
Orientation of LoadsOrientation of Loads
TorsionTorsion Twist, turn, or pull an Twist, turn, or pull an
object.object.
Fire LoadsFire Loads
Potential energyPotential energy Heat Release Rate – All wood can generate Heat Release Rate – All wood can generate
approximately the same total amount of heat approximately the same total amount of heat per pound.per pound.
Not the same as flame spread rate.Not the same as flame spread rate. Can vary with contents.Can vary with contents.
Structural ElementsStructural Elements
BeamsBeams ColumnsColumns WallsWalls
Bracing Bracing
RoofsRoofs ArchesArches
BeamsBeams
TypesTypes BracketBracket JoistJoist
Steel and BarSteel and Bar
GirderGirder Built-Up and SpandrelBuilt-Up and Spandrel
BeamsBeams
LintelLintel Spans an openingSpans an opening
GrillageGrillage Heavy LoadsHeavy Loads
CantileverCantilever Supported at one end.Supported at one end.
BeamsBeams
NeedleNeedle SupportSupport
SuspendedSuspended Similar to cantilever, but uses cables.Similar to cantilever, but uses cables. Can become undesigned cantilever.Can become undesigned cantilever.
TransferTransfer Transfers loads laterally.Transfers loads laterally.
WallsWalls
VeneerVeneer CompositeComposite Panel or CurtainPanel or Curtain FireFire
Partition/PartyPartition/Party
WallsWalls
CantileverCantilever BracingBracing
ButtressesButtresses RakersRakers PilastersPilasters Wall ColumnsWall Columns Cavity or Hollow WallsCavity or Hollow Walls
CurtainCurtain
Non-Load BearingNon-Load Bearing Can fall out and the structure will remainCan fall out and the structure will remain
FireFire
Should contain the fire with little or no Should contain the fire with little or no help.help.
Partition/PartyPartition/Party
PartitionPartition Non-Load Bearing, subdivide areas of a floor.Non-Load Bearing, subdivide areas of a floor.
PartyParty Load Bearing, common to two structures.Load Bearing, common to two structures.
BracingBracing
PilasterPilaster Masonry columns built Masonry columns built
on the inside of on the inside of structure.structure.
Wall ColumnsWall Columns
BracingBracing
Cavity or HollowCavity or Hollow Masonry wall built two wythes thickMasonry wall built two wythes thick Allowed water to drain, now fill with foam Allowed water to drain, now fill with foam
insulation.insulation.
RoofsRoofs
Not as strong as floors.Not as strong as floors. Do not have the fire rating of floors.Do not have the fire rating of floors. Can be composed of multiple layers.Can be composed of multiple layers.
RoofsRoofsVary according to type of constructionVary according to type of construction
Basic Types:Basic Types: Arched Arched GabledGabled SawtoothSawtooth HipHip ButterflyButterfly
ShedShed Mansard Mansard LanternLantern FlatFlat GambrelGambrel
ArchesArches
Combines the function of the beam and Combines the function of the beam and column.column.
Under compressionUnder compression Keystone is critical.Keystone is critical.
Transmission of LoadsTransmission of Loads
Top - to - BottomTop - to - Bottom ConnectionsConnections
Weakest point of a structure.Weakest point of a structure. TypesTypes
PinnedPinned Rigid-FramedRigid-Framed
Demolition, Renovation, Demolition, Renovation, Construction PhaseConstruction Phase
Increased level of dangerIncreased level of danger If designed with fire protection, probably If designed with fire protection, probably
not in place or operating.not in place or operating. Fall hazardFall hazard Temporary shoringTemporary shoring Formwork in placeFormwork in place Susceptible to arsonSusceptible to arson
SummarySummary
We looked at how gravity affects We looked at how gravity affects structures.structures.
We examined how different loads are We examined how different loads are applied to a structure.applied to a structure. LiveLive DeadDead StaticStatic Torsion, Tension, and CompressionTorsion, Tension, and Compression
SummarySummary
We examined structural elements within a We examined structural elements within a structure.structure. BeamsBeams ColumnsColumns WallsWalls RoofsRoofs
SummarySummary
We analyzed transfer of loads through We analyzed transfer of loads through connections.connections. Weakest link.Weakest link.
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