brand extension
Post on 12-May-2015
654 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Brand Extensions
Brands have become the barrier to entry, but they are also the means to entry
- Edward Tauber
Akash C.MathapatiAsst Professor – Marketing Area
Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studiesakashcm@gmail.com
Results of Extending a Brand Name
Akash C.Mathapati
The GoodThe Brand Name
Aids the Extension
The BadThe Brand Name Fails to Help the
Extension
More GoodThe Extension Enhances the Brand Name
More UglyNew Brand
Name is Foregone
The UglyThe Brand Name
is Damaged
EFFECTS OF
EXTENDING A BRAND TO A NEW PRODUCT
The Rationale for an Extension
The contributions of both the brand name to the extension, and the extension to the brand name
The extension may harm the brand name
The extension may harm the brand, or prevent a new brand from being established
Akash C.Mathapati
The Good: What the Brand Name Brings to the
Extension• Brand Associations
– Purchase decisions are based on a limited no. of product attributes
– A credible & sustainable point of differentiation with respect to a key attribute can be difficult to create
Akash C.Mathapati
• Edward M.Tauber studied 276 brand extensions & Concluded that most fit into 7 approaches:– Same product in a different form– Distinctive taste/ingredient/component– Companion product– Customer franchise– Expertise– Benefit/attribute/feature– Designer or ethnic image
Akash C.Mathapati
Quality Associations
• Many situations product attribute positioning may be futile – Brand can get into specification battle
• 248 business managers were asked to identify their business’s sustainable competitive advantage– Most frequent mention was a reputation for
quality
• Infact some corporate names are on so many products that they lack strong specific associations
Akash C.Mathapati
Awareness/Presence
• 1st step is developing awareness of the brand & associating it with the product class
• Brand name awareness provides a familiarity which can affect purchases of low involvement products
• High recognition within the product class – a high visibility or presence
• Creating awareness of a name & associating of a name & associating it with a product class can be expensive
Akash C.Mathapati
– E.g.,Esso to Exxon ($200m), Black & Deckar $100m – GE line purchased in 1982
• When the brand can support heavy advertising on other categories, the brand awareness of the extension will benefit– E.g., Helen of Troy licenced the vidal sassoon
name
Akash C.Mathapati
Trail Purchase
• A brand name purchased to a new name product reduces the risk for a prospective buyer
• In a study of 58 new products introduced into the philadelphia area, the most important predictor of trial levels was the extent to which a know family brand was involved
Akash C.Mathapati
More Good: Extensions Can Enhance The Core Brand
• Extensions can enhance the core brand
• An extension can provide name recognition & association to new segments– Winnebago industries
Akash C.Mathapati
The Bad: The Name Fails To Help The Extension
• The name does not add value– When a brand name is added simply to
provide recognition, credibility, and a quality association
– Substantial risk even if the brand is initially successful, it will be vulnerable to competition• E.g., Pillsbury Microwave Popcorn – Orville
Redenbacher • 1989 Orville held 36% of Market Share of $420M, Pop Secret 21.7%
Akash C.Mathapati
• It is particularly important for the brand extension to provide a benefit if the product class is well established– Designer name does not always guarantee
success – An effort to establish the Beatrice name using
the tag line “you’ve know us all along” did not add any value to the involved brands such as Wesson & Orville Redenbacher
• Its useful to run a concept test to see if a name actually adds value
Akash C.Mathapati
• Negative Attribute Associations– There is also the risk that a brand
extension strategy could stimulate negative attribute associations• E.g., The Bic name, associated with
disposable pens, lighters & razors did not work for perfume
• Campbell soup called their line of spaghetti sauces Prego after they found that a campbell name left a connotation of being orange & watery
Akash C.Mathapati
– Log cabin’s leader in the griddle-oriented syrup – disappointed efforts to enter the pancake-mix arena
– Aunt Jemima was successful in going the other way
• Negative associations can sometimes be reduced or suppressed by adding a second brand name with the right connotations or by elaborating the concept– E.g., Campbell’s special Torino Spaghetti
Akash C.Mathapati
• The fit is Poor– The customer needs to be comfortable
with the concept of the brand name’s being on the extension
• Aaker & Keller found that two types of relationships between product classes were related to the acceptance of extension concepts:– Transferability of skills & assets– Complementarity
Akash C.Mathapati
• Fit can also be based on functional attributes relating to brand performance or on intangible attributes such as prestige or status– Park, Milberg & Lawson’s Study– When prestige is the basis of fit, a brand can
stretch further than when a functional attribute is the basis
Akash C.Mathapati
• The extension is not Supported– Temptation to establish a new entry “on
the cheap” relying on the brand name– Diet cherry coke– Some extensions reply too heavily on a
brand name & thus skimped on advertising & promotion support
Akash C.Mathapati
The Ugly: The Brand Name is Damaged
• Having the extension fail is usually not nearly as bad as having it “succeed,” or at least survive, and damage the brand name by creating undesirable attribute associations, damaging the brand’s perceived quality, or altering existing brand associations
Akash C.Mathapati
Undesirable Attribute, Associations are Created
• An extension will usually create new brand associations, some of which can be potentially damaging to the brand in its original context– Miller’s lite– Black & Decker– Sears financial network– Lipton Soup
Akash C.Mathapati
Existing Brand Associations Are Weakened
• The brand associations created by the extensions can fuzz a sharp image which had been a key asset– Cadbury’s
• As a brand is extended its product class associations may be weakened, but it may also develop a useful association with a type of product– Pillsbury(Flour), – Green Gaint (Vegetables)
Akash C.Mathapati
• For majority of firms value is mainly on providing name recognition & Perceived Quality
Akash C.Mathapati
Quality Image is Affected
• A reputation for perceived quality is the basis of sustainable competitive advantage– General Mills attempted to capitalize on the
Lacoste alligator
• Attaching the brand to a lower price point enhances that the quality image of the brand itself will be affected– Hilton Hotels, Rolls - Royce – Cadillac introduces Cimarron in 80’s
(version of GM’s Pontiac 2000 & Chevrolet Cavalier
Akash C.Mathapati
A Disaster Occurs
• A disaster out of control of a firm– Ivory Model– Tylenol Boxes– Audi 5000, 4000, Quattro
Akash C.Mathapati
The Brand Franchise is Cannibalized
• An important part of brand equity is a brand’s customer loyalty
• If sales of a brand extension come at the expense of the original brand– Gillette attacked Barbasol with low end
entry (Good News!)– Campbell’s Prego Brand attacked
Progresso
Akash C.Mathapati
More Ugly: A New Brand Name is Foregone
• Perhaps the worst potential results of an extension is a foregone opportunity to create a new brand equity
• Consider where would P&G would be without Ivory, Camay, Dreft, Tide, Pampers, Crest, Pringles etc
• Establishing a new brand name provides a vehicle with which to generate a set of distinct associations without being burdened with an existing set e.g., HP, Dustbuster
Akash C.Mathapati
top related