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BIOLOGY
Lection 6. Evolutionary biology
First systematics of animals
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
Plato and Aristotle
Viviparous
(Vivipara)
Cetaceans
(Cetacea)
Birds (Aves)
Oviparous
(Ovipara)
Fishes (Pisces)
“Animals with
blood”
Soft-bodied
(Malacia)
Soft-shelled
(Malacostraca)
Insects
(Insecta)
Armoured
(Ostracoderma)
Zoophytes
(Zoophyta)
“Animals without
blood”
Plants
Minerals
Animals
(with and
without
blood)
Humans
Aristotle’s
«Ladder of life»
• Proposed the principle of
hierarchic classification of
plants and animals
• Made the first (artificial)
system of living organisms
(“Systema Naturae”)
• Gave a definition of the
species
• Introduced the binary
nomenclature to determine
the species
• Creationist. Considered
species unchangeableCarolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Making of hierarchic classification
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Division
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Making of hierarchic classification
Offered by
Linnaeus
«System of Nature» (1735)
«System of Nature» of C. Linnaeus
Class Mammals
Class Amphibians (incl.
Reptiles)
Class Insects (incl.
Spiders and Myriapods)
Class Birds
Class Fishes
Class Worms (most
invertebrates)
Kingdom
Minerals
(Lapideum)
Kingdom
Plants
(Plantae)
Kingdom
Animals
(Animalia)
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1744-1829)
First theory of evolution
• Proposed the term "biology" and
“invertebrate zoology"
• Created the first theory of
evolution. Its main statements:
• "The use of the organ leads to its
development, and the disuse – to
its disappearance"
• "Under the influence of exercise or
non-exercise the organs change
and resulting changes are
inherited"
• The reason for the evolution was thought to be "inner desire
for self-improvement of organisms"
“Gradations” of J.-B. Lamarck
(«Philosophy of Zoology», 1809)
14. Mammals
13. Birds
12. Reptiles
11. Fishes
8. Annelids
7. Crustaceans
6. Arachnids
5. Insects
4. Worms
3. Radiates
2. Polyps
1. Ciliates
10. Mollusks
9. Cirripedians
Inve
rteb
rate
s
Homological and analogical organs
Analogical organs – wings of insects and vertebrates
Structure of placoid scales of shark and human tooth
Dentine
Enamel
Dentine
Enamel
Pulp
Examples of homological organs
Middle ear bones and bones of lower jaw
Examples of homological organs
Eye of fish and cephalopod mollusk
Examples of analogical organs
Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)
«The Origin of
Species…» (1859)
Travel of «Beagle» (1831-1836)
Types of variability after Darwin
Variability of the
beak shape in
Galapagos
finches
1. “Certain" (non-inherited, ~ modification)
2. “Uncertain" (inherited, ~ mutation)
3. Correlative (“White cats with blue eyes are deaf”)
Thomas-Robert
Malthus
(1766-1834)
Geometric progression of
reproduction
Main statements of Darwin’s theory
• Geometric progression of reproduction results in a
competition for resources
• Its consequence - the struggle for existence (the diverse
relations of species with each other and with environment)
• The uncertain variability leads to benefit of some individuals
over other ones
• A consequence of the struggle for existence - natural
selection (survival of the fittest), eliminating individuals with
harmful changes
• Evolution is an adaptive process
• Divergence of characters within the species leads to
speciation
Speciation according to Darwin (principle of divergence)
Rudimentary hind limbs of whale
Rudimentary hind limbs of boa Darwin’s tubercle
Proofs of evolution: rudiments
Hairy human Dolphin with 4 flippers
Human “tail”
Proofs of evolution: atavisms
Mammal-like reptile
Early amphibian First bird Archaeopteryx
Proofs of evolution: paleontology
Examples of sexual dimorphism in animals
Sexual selection
Idea of “evolutionary tree”
• The idea of "evolutionary tree"
• Biogenetic law ("ontogenesis is
the recapitulation of phylogeny")
• The method of "evolutionary
triad"
Ernst Haeckel
(1834-1919)
Embryonic development of vertebrates (after Haeckel)
Biogenetic law
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