biology - kpfu.ruevolutionary theory of charles darwin charles darwin (1809-1882) «the origin of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOLOGY
Lection 6. Evolutionary biology
![Page 2: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
First systematics of animals
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
Plato and Aristotle
![Page 3: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Viviparous
(Vivipara)
Cetaceans
(Cetacea)
Birds (Aves)
Oviparous
(Ovipara)
Fishes (Pisces)
“Animals with
blood”
![Page 4: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Soft-bodied
(Malacia)
Soft-shelled
(Malacostraca)
Insects
(Insecta)
Armoured
(Ostracoderma)
Zoophytes
(Zoophyta)
“Animals without
blood”
![Page 5: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Plants
Minerals
Animals
(with and
without
blood)
Humans
Aristotle’s
«Ladder of life»
![Page 6: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Proposed the principle of
hierarchic classification of
plants and animals
• Made the first (artificial)
system of living organisms
(“Systema Naturae”)
• Gave a definition of the
species
• Introduced the binary
nomenclature to determine
the species
• Creationist. Considered
species unchangeableCarolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Making of hierarchic classification
![Page 7: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Division
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Making of hierarchic classification
Offered by
Linnaeus
«System of Nature» (1735)
![Page 8: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
«System of Nature» of C. Linnaeus
Class Mammals
Class Amphibians (incl.
Reptiles)
Class Insects (incl.
Spiders and Myriapods)
Class Birds
Class Fishes
Class Worms (most
invertebrates)
Kingdom
Minerals
(Lapideum)
Kingdom
Plants
(Plantae)
Kingdom
Animals
(Animalia)
![Page 9: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1744-1829)
First theory of evolution
• Proposed the term "biology" and
“invertebrate zoology"
• Created the first theory of
evolution. Its main statements:
• "The use of the organ leads to its
development, and the disuse – to
its disappearance"
• "Under the influence of exercise or
non-exercise the organs change
and resulting changes are
inherited"
• The reason for the evolution was thought to be "inner desire
for self-improvement of organisms"
![Page 10: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Gradations” of J.-B. Lamarck
(«Philosophy of Zoology», 1809)
14. Mammals
13. Birds
12. Reptiles
11. Fishes
8. Annelids
7. Crustaceans
6. Arachnids
5. Insects
4. Worms
3. Radiates
2. Polyps
1. Ciliates
10. Mollusks
9. Cirripedians
Inve
rteb
rate
s
![Page 11: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Homological and analogical organs
Analogical organs – wings of insects and vertebrates
![Page 12: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Structure of placoid scales of shark and human tooth
Dentine
Enamel
Dentine
Enamel
Pulp
Examples of homological organs
![Page 13: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Middle ear bones and bones of lower jaw
Examples of homological organs
![Page 14: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Eye of fish and cephalopod mollusk
Examples of analogical organs
![Page 15: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)
«The Origin of
Species…» (1859)
![Page 16: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Travel of «Beagle» (1831-1836)
![Page 17: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Types of variability after Darwin
Variability of the
beak shape in
Galapagos
finches
1. “Certain" (non-inherited, ~ modification)
2. “Uncertain" (inherited, ~ mutation)
3. Correlative (“White cats with blue eyes are deaf”)
![Page 18: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thomas-Robert
Malthus
(1766-1834)
Geometric progression of
reproduction
![Page 19: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Main statements of Darwin’s theory
• Geometric progression of reproduction results in a
competition for resources
• Its consequence - the struggle for existence (the diverse
relations of species with each other and with environment)
• The uncertain variability leads to benefit of some individuals
over other ones
• A consequence of the struggle for existence - natural
selection (survival of the fittest), eliminating individuals with
harmful changes
• Evolution is an adaptive process
• Divergence of characters within the species leads to
speciation
![Page 20: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Speciation according to Darwin (principle of divergence)
![Page 21: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rudimentary hind limbs of whale
Rudimentary hind limbs of boa Darwin’s tubercle
Proofs of evolution: rudiments
![Page 22: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hairy human Dolphin with 4 flippers
Human “tail”
Proofs of evolution: atavisms
![Page 23: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mammal-like reptile
Early amphibian First bird Archaeopteryx
Proofs of evolution: paleontology
![Page 24: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Examples of sexual dimorphism in animals
Sexual selection
![Page 25: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Idea of “evolutionary tree”
• The idea of "evolutionary tree"
• Biogenetic law ("ontogenesis is
the recapitulation of phylogeny")
• The method of "evolutionary
triad"
Ernst Haeckel
(1834-1919)
![Page 26: BIOLOGY - kpfu.ruEvolutionary theory of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1809-1882) «The Origin of ... Thomas-Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Geometric progression of reproduction. Main](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071112/5fe899f9675aab6d9b4c3a29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Embryonic development of vertebrates (after Haeckel)
Biogenetic law