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93rd
Annual Conference 2018
James L Barnard, Ph.D., D.Ing. h.c. BCEE, WEF Fellow
Biological Nutrient Removal -
Quo Vadis
June 24, 2018
Contents
Historical Background
The development of activated sludge
Eutrophication and indirect recycling
Intensification of processes
Energy self-sufficiency
The Gorilla in the room
Conclusions
June 24, 2018
Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions
300 100 100 300300 200 100 0 100 200 300
Less Developed
RegionsMore Developed
Regions
Male Female Male Female
80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14
5-90-4
Age
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
Age Distribution of the World’s Population
7.2 Billion
Population
June 24, 2018
The Culture of Flushing
June 24, 2018
Victor Hugo –
Les Misérables
"A great city is the most powerful of stercoraries. To
employ the city to enrich the plain would be a sure
success. If our gold is filth, then our filth is
gold….these fetid streams of subterranean slime
which the pavement hides from you, do you know
what all this is? It is the flowering meadow, it is the
green grass, it is marjoram and thyme and sage, it
is game, it is cattle, it is the satisfied low of huge
oxen at evening, it is perfumed hay, it is golden
corn, it is bread on your table, it is warm blood in
your veins, it is health, it is joy, it is life."
June 24, 2018
Before activated sludge
June 24, 2018
Activated sludge plant as a
sustainable process (1914)
Developed by Arden and Lockett
Has served us for a century to produce effluent fit for re-use
Used a batch reactor and observed nitrification some denitrification and removal of some phosphorus
They formed a granular sludge
The process keeps evolving to make it more versatile more adaptable while lowering energy and cost
June 24, 2018
The Haber – Bosch Process
Supplies world nitrogen needs
The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen
fertilizer per year, mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia,
ammonium nitrate, and urea. Three to five percent of the world's
natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process (around 1–
2% of the world's annual energy supply).
HydrogenFrom natural gas
Gases are cooled and ammonia turns ot liquid
Unreacted gases
recycled
Nitrogen
From the air 400 – 500 °C200 bar
Ion catalyst
Liquid ammonia
Well designed and operated BNR 30 kWh/person/aJune 24, 2018
A Process of Selection
The basis of the process is to change conditions and select for
specific organisms. Below is a rough time-line for developing of
the process
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
wit
h N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Fo
rmers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
Activated Sludge Time-line
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
ph
osp
hate
acc
um
ula
tin
g o
rgan
ism
s -
Eu
trop
hic
ati
on
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
na
mm
ox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
Sid
e-S
trea
m E
BP
R
-M
ore
late
r
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
nam
mox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
Sid
e-S
trea
mE
BP
R
-M
ore
late
r
June 24, 2018
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Pro
cess
an
d N
itri
fica
tion
Hig
h-R
ate
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Exp
lod
ing o
f N
ew P
lan
ts i
n U
SA
Sel
ect
for
Den
itri
fica
tion
Sel
ect
for
Ph
osp
hate
Acc
um
ula
tin
g O
rgan
ism
s
Ad
sorp
tion
of
PP
CP
Sel
ecti
ve
Wast
e of
Foam
Form
ers
Sel
ecti
ve
for
An
am
mox
Bact
eria
Sel
ecti
ve
for
Gra
nu
lar
Act
ivate
d S
lud
ge
Sel
ecti
ng f
or
Ret
ain
ing A
nam
mox
Bact
eria
in
Main
Str
eam
usi
ng C
ycl
on
es
1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014
Adap
t to
Tre
atm
ent
of
Ind
ust
rial
Wast
e su
ch a
s P
etro
-Ch
emic
als
Mem
bra
ne
Bio
react
or
Sid
e-S
trea
m E
BP
R
June 24, 2018
Eutrophication and Water
Quality for Re-use
June 24, 2018
Town of Brits
Indirect Re-use.
Most influent
from the JHB
Northern Works
1970
June 24, 2018
Google Earth
700 km Alternative supply
Namibia – Direct Water
re-use
June 24, 2018
The Demise of Activated
Sludge 1970?
1970
Was the activated sludge process reliable enough for nutrient removal?
June 24, 2018
Replace with Tertiary High Lime
and Ammonia Stripping
Lake Tahoe – Right and Pretoria Left
June 24, 2018
Or Clinoptilolite Ion Exchange
for Ammonia Recovery
June 24, 2018
Development of BNR
Changed Perceptions
Removal of N&P without chemicals
Remove PPCP
Remove many industrial compounds
Low energy use
June 24, 2018
Variations of Phoredox Process
L e g e n d
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic
Millbury noted that all plug-flow
plants released phosphorus at the
inlet side of the aeration basinJune 24, 2018
Side-stream EBPR
June 24, 2018
Putting low TP in
perspective
Point SourcesDiffused Sources
0.1 mg/L
6 mg/L
Can these costs be used more
effectively reducing Diffused
June 24, 2018
Boise – Dixie Drain
• Alternative approach to remove residual phosphorus from WWTP
• Low cost P removal in BNR plant of 93% of influent TP
• Removing remainder would be costly due to high chemical demand
• Cheaper to remove 150% of residual from a drain with high P content flowing
into the same river
• Metal/P molar ratio is less at higher P concentration
• The result is an improvement of environment, lower cost, lower GHG
June 24, 2018
Lay-out of Dixie Drain
June 24, 2018
Water re-use –
Important issues
June 24, 2018
World’s 1st
Potable re-use
at Windhoek Namibia
June 24, 2018
NITROGEN REMOVAL PROBLEMS
REQUIRED ADDITION OF AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
BNR
plant
Intermediate
Ponds
June 24, 2018
Ruhr – Indirect re-use
River Ruhr receives treated
wastewater from 2.1 Mio. inhabitants
River Ruhr receives treated
wastewater from 0.4 Mio. PE from
industry
River Ruhr serves as raw water
source for drinking water supply for
4.6 Mio. inhabitants (plus industry)
Source: Ruhrverband, Essen
all WWTP with full nutrient removal,
discussion on the elimination of
micropollutants is on the way
June 24, 2018
ACTIVATED SLUDGE FOR
INDIRECT RE-USE IN ZIMBABWE
Needed even in Developing countries
June 24, 2018
NITRATES ARE BENEFICIAL
Recent studies showed that nitrates discharged to lake has
benefits – Cubas et al Wat Res, Feb. 2014June 24, 2018
SOME REWARDS
WW&T April 2018
Source: Chesapeake Bay ProgramPhase 4.3 Watershed Model 2005
June 24, 2018
Recuperation of Lake
Paranoa
June 24, 2018
The activated sludge
process as barrier for
undesirable chemicals for
DPR
June 24, 2018
Future Health Concerns –
EDCs, PPCPs…….
Aka: Microconstituents or micropollutants
Most likely a wastewater treatment issue
Source control, product modification?
EDC PPCP
COEC
June 24, 2018
Removal of PPCPs
June 24, 2018
Trends to Smaller Footprint
and Energy Efficiency
Step-feed nitrification/denitrification
Integrated Fix Film Activated sludge
Membrane Bio-reactors
Stacked SBR
Granular sludge – SBR addition flow through
Selectors for improving SVI
Anammox for MainstreamJune 24, 2018
Reduced Footprint
June 24, 2018
Selective wastage &
Low SVI
June 24, 2018
Surface
wasting
Satellite
Clarifier
Granule formation
June 24, 2018
SVI dropped to 20 mL/g
Granular Activated Sludge
Sludge is wasted from
the top layer.
Possible WERF project
to look at other forms
of selection
• LT 40% of footprint
• LT 60% of power
• Simple operation
• No mixers
• No recycle pumps
June 24, 2018
Granular Activated Sludge
June 24, 2018
Epe - Netherlands
June 24, 2018
NEREDA: One -Tank Process forBiological Nutrient Removal
Total N < 5 mgN/l; total P < 0.5 mgP/l70 % less space; 30 - 40 % lower energy;
25 % lower investment
10 plants build since 2012
Approx. 20 under design
June 24, 2018
•95-99% magnetite recovery reported
BIOMAGTM
BALLASTED FLOC
SYSTEM
June 24, 2018
• anaerobic
WHAT IS ANAMMOX?
• First documented in the Netherlands in 19901
• Several species of bacteria
Micrograph by Helen Markewich
oxidationammonium
June 24, 201859
1.7 gO/gN
0 gC/g N
Makes N recovery less
cost effective
SIDE-STREAM N REMOVAL
ANAMMOX PROCESS
Paques presentationJune 24, 2018
Mainstream Anammox -
Strass
June 24, 2018 Wett et al 2010
Energy self-sufficiency
June 24, 2018
WERF ENER1C12 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AND PRODUCTION
End product is a practical tool for use to monitor and manage energy
June 24, 2018
Comparative Energy Use
Energy used for kWh/c/a
BNR Wastewater Treatment only 30
Switching one lamp to low energy fixtures 102
Pumping water from north to south of California 355
Lack of switch in my office 250
Household per person (2 persons) 14,000
Prof Helmut Kroiss – Our first obligation is to produce the
quality of effluent required then look at energy cost
June 24, 2018
Wastewater Sector Energy
Recovery Estimates (from WERF ENER6C13)
• There is more energy in wastewater than is needed for
treatment – about 5X more
• Total primary energy potential is 851 trillion BTU/year,
80% of which is thermal energy
Chemical
<1% Hydraulic
Thermal
80%
20%
June 24, 2018
Strass Plant Austria
• Produces 8% more energy than it consumes
• Effluent Ammonia varies – Design < 14 TN
• Removed no Phosphorus
• SVI enhanced with cyclone selectorsJune 24, 2018
June 24, 2018
GHG increase with lower N&P
Falk 2013 WERF Project on SustainabilityJune 24, 2018
Nitrogen recovery
Only viable if less energy is used than fixing Nitrogen from the atmosphere
Haber-Bosch process uses about 12 kWh/kg nitrogen fertilizer
June 24, 2018
Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Action Plan
Aims to reduce size of Hypoxic Zone
Goal: 30 percent reduction in nitrates in next 15 years
90 percent of nitrates are non-point, primarily agricultural
Riverine constructed wetlands possible treatment approach
June 24, 2018
Denitrifying Wood Chip Beds at Tile
Field Exits
Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor and phosphorus filter pairing to minimize pollution swapping Christianson et al Wat. Res. 121,
2017
June 24, 2018
Drainage Water Management
Subsurface drains enhance nitrate losses
42.9 kg/ha as opposed to non-drained
watershed at 7 kg/ha (Goswani et al., 2009)
Upper IL and IA USDA report (1897)
estimated that 85% of farm-field drainage
from tile fields.
Can be managed by restricting flow at
times, allowing more time for denitrification
(Kieser & Associates)
Best applied to flat slopes
Adjust drainage outlet level following
harvest to bring water table closer to
surface, even allow ponding
According to one study, reductions can
range from 17 -94% (Skaggs and Youssef, 2008 from report by
Kieser & Associated)
Implementing on all suitable corn land in
Miwest could reduce 83 m kg/year.
Maximum possible reduction on all drainage
to Gulf 6.4% (Jaynes et al., 2010)
Kieser & Associates
June 24, 2018
Denitrification Water Treatment
Facility Concept
Target 100 MGD (Max Flow) Unit Facility
Side-Stream Diversion
Low-Head Pumping
Hydrological Analysis
How Many Facilities
Where to Locate
Meet 30% Nitrate Reduction
June 24, 2018
Creek
Diversion Structure
Influent
Methanol Feed as Carbon Source
115 ftCascadeAerator
Depth 13 ft1 .
Effluent
SAPBR
100 MGD SAPBR – Most Cost
Effective
100 mgd Pump Station
June 24, 2018
Estimated Cost for 100 MGD
SAPBR Denitrification Unit
Capital Cost $13,210,000
Annual Amortized (30 years @ 4%) $845,638
Annual Operating Cost $2,482,379
Total Annual cost $3,328,017
Nitrates Removed per Year 1248 tonnes
Cost per Tonne $2,330
Pumping Cost per Tonne $ 1,413
Total $ SAPBR $3,744
Total $ Nutrient Farm $3,907
June 24, 2018
Phosphorus recovery
June 24, 2018
Future Scenarios
Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options D. Cordell, A.
Rosemarin, J.J. Schröder , A.L. Smit - Chemosphere 84 (2011) 747–758
June 24, 2018
The first step
June 24, 2018
Activated sludge process
allows recovery of struvite
Struvite
Mg.NH4.PO4. 6 H2O
Also recovers up to 20%
of nitrogen
June 24, 2018
100% Recovery of Incinerator P
Noord-Brabant, Holland
June 24, 2018
The Ultimate Nutrient Recycle
June 24, 2018
Urine recovery
Urine contains 70% to 80% of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus in domestic wastewater
When urine is separated and stored ammonia is hydrolyzed and the pH goes up
Within a few weeks the urine is totally free or pathogens
Research underway to recover struvite
Excess ammonia recovered with stripping and production of ammonia sulphate
June 24, 2018
Backyard garden
Kampala Uganda
June 24, 2018
Apartments in Hong Kong
June 24, 2018
By Choice or by Need
Working in the garden is also a shared experience for the family, and instills in children an understanding of the natural cycles of growth which provide lessons of lifelong value
June 24, 2018
Future vegetable gardens?
June 24, 2018
• Over a century the activated sludge process has proved to protect receiving water bodies
• The activated sludge process keeps evolving with more energy efficiency
• Recovery of nitrogen needs to be cost effective
• Phosphorus ore is in limited supply and all efforts to recover phosphorus should be made
• Granular activated sludge has a future in the scheme of things
• Energy efficiency is important but energy self-sufficiency should not be the only goal
• Eventually we have to address the Gorilla in the room
FINAL MESSAGES
June 24, 2018
MOTTO OF THE DAY
What doesn´t kill you makes you stronger !!!!!!!!
June 24, 2018
Do unto those downstream as you
would have those upstream do unto you
The First Commandment According to Wendell Berry
June 24, 2018
June 24, 2018
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