biological control of athropods in the pacific island countries - an overview...

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ATHROPODS IN THE PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES - AN

OVERVIEW

Sada N. Lal

Pacific Biological Control Workshop

Waipuna Hotel, Auckland

NOVEMBER 2009

Major food crops of the Pacific Islands

•Coconut

•Taro

•Breadfruit

•Banana

Levuana iridescens

• Bessa remota – introduced from Malaysia

– Historically one of the most successful biological control of a pest possibly eradicating the host?

Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros

• Neochryopus savagei (Carabid beetle) (from Nigeria into Fiji, PNG and Samoa in 1963)

• Alaus speciosus (Elaterid beetle) – into Samoa from Sri Lanka in 1955

• Lanelater fuscipes (Elaterid beetle) – into Samoa from Sri Lanka in 1966

• Rhabditis sp. (Nematode) – into Fiji from Madagascar in 1957

• Scolia ruficornis (Scoliidae wasp) - Samoa 1945, PNG 1952, Fiji 1958, Tokelau 1959, Wallis 1959)

Scolia ruficornis

• Metarhizium anisopliae– Introduced first into Samoa from

Indonesia in 1939

– Fiji 1969

– From Fiji to other CRB affected PICs

• Oryctes virus – First into Samoa from

Malaysia in 1967

– Fiji 1970

– From Fiji to other PICs

Ma infected grubs

Orv ready-to-use solution

Other beetle pests of coconuts

• Brontispa spp. – Asecodes hispinarium (Samoa 1980s;

Nauru 2005)

• Promecotheca spp.– Pediobius parvulus (Eulophidae)

• Scapanes australis

• Rhynchophorus spp.

Coconut stick insect Graefea crounii

• Egg parasitoids

– Paranastatus verticalis

– P. nigriscutellatus

• Introduced to Samoa in 1977, Tonga 1978, Tokelau 1980, Vanuatu 1980?

• Neotermes sp. (rainbowii)– Metarhizium anisopliae introduced to

Veitupu in Tuvalu (1992) and Rotuma (1994)

• Coconut scale Aspidiotus destructor– Telsimia nitida - introduced in Rotuma

and Tuvalu

– Aphytis Chrysomphalus –from Tahiti 1920

– Encarsia citrina - from Tahiti 1920

– Cryptognatha nodiceps – Trinidad 1928

– Chilocorus nigritus from Vanuatu (1989)

– Pseudoscymnus anomalus (Vanuatu 1989)

• Dysmococcus palmarum

– Chrysopa ramburi

Palm mealybug

Coconut flat moth

• Bracon sp

• Macrocentrus sp

• Apanteles agonoxenae

• Agathis sp.

• Brachymeria fijiensis

• Tongamyia cinerella

– Vanuatu

– Niue 1998

– Cook Islands 2003

• Tachinid fly Formosa sp.

• Scoliid wasp , Astroscolia nitida present in PNG & SI

• Oryctes virus is effective but problem of dissemination in field

• Metarhizium anisopliae –varying results, not promising as control on its own

• Steinernema glasseri and N. feltiae – lab. tests did not obtain very promising results

Tachinid fly, Formosa sp.

Metarhizium anisopliae infected grubs

Taro beetle Papuana spp

• Taro hopper Tarophagus proserpina

• Cyrtorhinus fulvus

– Existing in Fiji and Samoa; introduced elsewhere

• Hornworm Hippotion celerio

– Blepharipoda cilipes (Tachinid fly)

• Taro aphid

– Aphelinus spp.

• Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Breadfruit pests and biological control attempts

• Icerya purchasi

– Rodolia cardinalis

Banana pests and attempts at biological control

• Cosmopolites sordidus– Plaesius javanus

• Nacoleia octasema

– Brachymeria sp

– Chelonus sp. nr. stiratigena

– Cremalus sp

– Stomatomyia tricholygoides

– Trichogramma australicum

• Erionota thrax

– Ooencyrtus erionotae

– Cotesia erionotae

Pests of fruits and vegetables

• Fruit piercing moth Eudocima fullonia

• Tachinid fly Winthemia caledoniae – from New Caledonia in 1985 (not

established

• Ooencyrtus sp. – from PNG via Samoa 1990

• Telenomus lucullus– from PNG via Samoa 1993

In field

• Trichogramma papilionis

• Telenomus sp.

• Germallus pacificus – egg predator

• Platynopus melanacanthus – larval predator

Scale insects

• Coccus hesperidum (found its way to

Tokelau in 2002)

• Pseudaulacaspis pentagona– Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

• Aonidiella aurantii(Recorded in Southern atoll in 2006)

– Telsimia nitida

• Ceroplastes rubens– Aneristus ceroplastae

– Diversinervus elegans

• Adoretus versutus

– Campsomeris marginella modesta (Scoliidae)

• Nisotra basellae

Glassy wing sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis

• 2001 – French Polynesia

• 2007 – Cook Islands

• Spread to Hawaii and Galapagos

• Gonatocerus ashmeadi (FP -2004; CI - 2007)

Mealybugs

• Icerya seychellarum

– Rodolia cardinalis

• Paracoccus marginatus

– Anagyrus loecki

– Acerophagus papayae

– Pseudleptomastix mexicana

– Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Giant mealybug

Fruit flies Bactrocera spp

• Opius longicaudatus

• O. fopius

• O. fijiensis

• O. hageni

• O. oophilus

Diamondback moth Plutella xyllostella

• Cotesia plutellae (1971 India; Trinidad 1984)

• Oomyzus sokolowskii (Trinidad 1984)

• Diadegma semiclausum– Taiwan1989 and Philippines 1992; ;

established in FP

• Diadromus singularis – New Zealand 1943 and

1997; India 1971 ; established in FP

Leaf miners

• Liriomyza brassicae – Hemiptarsenus semialbiclavus

White flies

• Aleurotrachelus trachoides– Encarsia formosa – Fiji, Nauru and Tonga

• Aleurodicus despersus (Fiji 1988)

– Encarsia haitiensis

– Nephaspis oculatus

– N bicolor

• Present in Fiji– Megalocaria fijiensis

– Serrangiella sp.

– Chrysopa sp.

• Bemisia tabaci

– Eretmocerus sp – Nauru and NMI

– Introduced to Tonga in 2004 and 07 ?

Bean podborer Maruca vitrata

• Apanteles etiellae

• Bracon cajani

• B. thurberiphagae

• Eiphosoma annulatum

• Phanerotoma bennetti

• Goniozus sp.

• Perisierola sp

•Rice leafroller Marasmia exigua

Existing•Apanteles sp., Brachymeria fijiensis, Microchelonus blackburni,

Trathala flavo-orbitalis

Introduced from Thailand in 1986•Apanteles sp., Elasmus sp., Goniozus sp., Latomastrix sp. and

Macrocentrus sp

Only Goniozus was released and established

• Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens•Cyrtorhinus lividipennis

•Tythus chinensis

•Rice armyworm Pseudaletia separata • Apanteles expulsus

•Apanteles marginiventris

• Apanteles ruficrus

• Heteropsylla cubana

– Olla v-nigrum

• Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

– Cephalonomia stephanoderis

Acarina

• Tetranychus marianae

• T. lambi

– Phytoseiculus macropilis

Snails, slugs, ants ?

Common garden brown slug

Giant African

snail

Common

garden snail

Crazy ant

Othreis fullonia Winthemia

caledoniae

New Caledonia ORSTOM April, 1985 Not established

Ooencyrtus sp. Papua New

Guinea via

Samoa via

Australia

ACIAR FPM

Project in

Samoa

September, 1990 Established

Telenomus sp. Papua New

Guinea via

Tonga via

Australia

ACIAR FPM

Project in

Tonga

August, 1993 Established

Aleurodicus

dispersus

Encarsia

?haitiensis

Guam USDA April, 1987 ?

Encarsia

?haitiensis

Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established

Nephaspis

oculatus

Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established

Nephaspis bicolor Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established

Aspidiotus

destructor

Chilocorus nigrita Vanuatu CIRAD Project April, 1989 Established

Pseudosymnus

anomalus

Vanuatu CIRAD project April, 1989 Established

Plutella

xylostella

Cotesia plutellae Trinidad IIBC May, 1984 Established

Oomyzus

sokolowskii

Trinidad IIBC May, 1984 Established

Diadegma

semicalusum

Taiwan AVRDC October, 1989

May, 1990

Failed to

breed in

laboratory

Not

established

Diadromus

collaris

New Zealand Crop and

Food

Research

Institute

March, 1997 ?

Maruca vitrata Apanteles etiellae Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not

established

Bracon cajani Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not

established

Bracon

thurberiphagae

Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not

established

Eiphosoma

anulatum

Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not

established

Phanerotoma

bennetti

Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not

established

Oryctes

rhinoceros

Baculovirus

oryctes

Samoa K. J.

Marschall

Laboratory

October,

1991

February,

1992

Established

Metarhizium

anisopliae var.

major

Samoa K. J.

Marschall

Laboratory

October,

1991

February,

1992

Established

Established

Baculovirus

oryctes

Philippines Philippine

coconut

Authority

August, 1992 Established

Metarhizium

anisopliae var.

major

Philippines Philippine

coconut

Authority

August, 1992 Established

Baculovirus

oryctes

New

Zealand

Hort &

Research,

CRI

November,

1993

Established

Papuana uninodis Steinerma feltiae USA via Australia - June, 1986

Steinerma glasseri ,, - ,,

Vavraia sp.(Protozoa) ,, - ,,

Porina plestophora

(Protozoa)

,, - ,,

Nosema costylytrae

(Protozoa)

,, - ,,

Nosema whitei

(Protozoa)

,, - ,,

Adelina sp. (Protozoa) ,, - ,,

Beauveria bassiana ,, - ,,

Bacillus thuringiensis ,, - ,,

Bacillus popillae ,, - ,,

Serratia sp. ,, - ,,

Cryptoplasmic

polyhedrosis virus

,, - ,,

Nuclear polyhedrosis

virus

,, - ,,

Cocktail mixture of RNA ,, - ,,

Hypothenemus

hampei

Cephalonomia

stephanodermis

New

Caledonia

ORSTOM February, 1994 Died in

laboratory

Marasmia

exigua

Apanteles sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not

established

Elasmus sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not

established

Latomastrix sp Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not

established

Macrocentrus

sp.

Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not

established

Goniozus sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Established

Neotermes sp. Meatarhizium

anisopliae

Australia CSIRO,

Canberra

April, 1994 Established

Heteropsylla

cubana

Olla v-nigrum ? ? ? Established