biological control of athropods in the pacific island countries - an overview...
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ATHROPODS IN THE PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES - AN
OVERVIEW
Sada N. Lal
Pacific Biological Control Workshop
Waipuna Hotel, Auckland
NOVEMBER 2009
Major food crops of the Pacific Islands
•Coconut
•Taro
•Breadfruit
•Banana
Levuana iridescens
• Bessa remota – introduced from Malaysia
– Historically one of the most successful biological control of a pest possibly eradicating the host?
Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros
• Neochryopus savagei (Carabid beetle) (from Nigeria into Fiji, PNG and Samoa in 1963)
• Alaus speciosus (Elaterid beetle) – into Samoa from Sri Lanka in 1955
• Lanelater fuscipes (Elaterid beetle) – into Samoa from Sri Lanka in 1966
• Rhabditis sp. (Nematode) – into Fiji from Madagascar in 1957
• Scolia ruficornis (Scoliidae wasp) - Samoa 1945, PNG 1952, Fiji 1958, Tokelau 1959, Wallis 1959)
Scolia ruficornis
• Metarhizium anisopliae– Introduced first into Samoa from
Indonesia in 1939
– Fiji 1969
– From Fiji to other CRB affected PICs
• Oryctes virus – First into Samoa from
Malaysia in 1967
– Fiji 1970
– From Fiji to other PICs
Ma infected grubs
Orv ready-to-use solution
Other beetle pests of coconuts
• Brontispa spp. – Asecodes hispinarium (Samoa 1980s;
Nauru 2005)
• Promecotheca spp.– Pediobius parvulus (Eulophidae)
• Scapanes australis
• Rhynchophorus spp.
Coconut stick insect Graefea crounii
• Egg parasitoids
– Paranastatus verticalis
– P. nigriscutellatus
• Introduced to Samoa in 1977, Tonga 1978, Tokelau 1980, Vanuatu 1980?
• Neotermes sp. (rainbowii)– Metarhizium anisopliae introduced to
Veitupu in Tuvalu (1992) and Rotuma (1994)
• Coconut scale Aspidiotus destructor– Telsimia nitida - introduced in Rotuma
and Tuvalu
– Aphytis Chrysomphalus –from Tahiti 1920
– Encarsia citrina - from Tahiti 1920
– Cryptognatha nodiceps – Trinidad 1928
– Chilocorus nigritus from Vanuatu (1989)
– Pseudoscymnus anomalus (Vanuatu 1989)
• Dysmococcus palmarum
– Chrysopa ramburi
Palm mealybug
Coconut flat moth
• Bracon sp
• Macrocentrus sp
• Apanteles agonoxenae
• Agathis sp.
• Brachymeria fijiensis
• Tongamyia cinerella
– Vanuatu
– Niue 1998
– Cook Islands 2003
• Tachinid fly Formosa sp.
• Scoliid wasp , Astroscolia nitida present in PNG & SI
• Oryctes virus is effective but problem of dissemination in field
• Metarhizium anisopliae –varying results, not promising as control on its own
• Steinernema glasseri and N. feltiae – lab. tests did not obtain very promising results
Tachinid fly, Formosa sp.
Metarhizium anisopliae infected grubs
Taro beetle Papuana spp
• Taro hopper Tarophagus proserpina
• Cyrtorhinus fulvus
– Existing in Fiji and Samoa; introduced elsewhere
• Hornworm Hippotion celerio
– Blepharipoda cilipes (Tachinid fly)
• Taro aphid
– Aphelinus spp.
• Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
Breadfruit pests and biological control attempts
• Icerya purchasi
– Rodolia cardinalis
Banana pests and attempts at biological control
• Cosmopolites sordidus– Plaesius javanus
• Nacoleia octasema
– Brachymeria sp
– Chelonus sp. nr. stiratigena
– Cremalus sp
– Stomatomyia tricholygoides
– Trichogramma australicum
• Erionota thrax
– Ooencyrtus erionotae
– Cotesia erionotae
Pests of fruits and vegetables
• Fruit piercing moth Eudocima fullonia
• Tachinid fly Winthemia caledoniae – from New Caledonia in 1985 (not
established
• Ooencyrtus sp. – from PNG via Samoa 1990
• Telenomus lucullus– from PNG via Samoa 1993
In field
• Trichogramma papilionis
• Telenomus sp.
• Germallus pacificus – egg predator
• Platynopus melanacanthus – larval predator
Scale insects
• Coccus hesperidum (found its way to
Tokelau in 2002)
• Pseudaulacaspis pentagona– Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
• Aonidiella aurantii(Recorded in Southern atoll in 2006)
– Telsimia nitida
• Ceroplastes rubens– Aneristus ceroplastae
– Diversinervus elegans
• Adoretus versutus
– Campsomeris marginella modesta (Scoliidae)
• Nisotra basellae
Glassy wing sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis
• 2001 – French Polynesia
• 2007 – Cook Islands
• Spread to Hawaii and Galapagos
• Gonatocerus ashmeadi (FP -2004; CI - 2007)
Mealybugs
• Icerya seychellarum
– Rodolia cardinalis
• Paracoccus marginatus
– Anagyrus loecki
– Acerophagus papayae
– Pseudleptomastix mexicana
– Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Giant mealybug
Fruit flies Bactrocera spp
• Opius longicaudatus
• O. fopius
• O. fijiensis
• O. hageni
• O. oophilus
Diamondback moth Plutella xyllostella
• Cotesia plutellae (1971 India; Trinidad 1984)
• Oomyzus sokolowskii (Trinidad 1984)
• Diadegma semiclausum– Taiwan1989 and Philippines 1992; ;
established in FP
• Diadromus singularis – New Zealand 1943 and
1997; India 1971 ; established in FP
Leaf miners
• Liriomyza brassicae – Hemiptarsenus semialbiclavus
White flies
• Aleurotrachelus trachoides– Encarsia formosa – Fiji, Nauru and Tonga
• Aleurodicus despersus (Fiji 1988)
– Encarsia haitiensis
– Nephaspis oculatus
– N bicolor
• Present in Fiji– Megalocaria fijiensis
– Serrangiella sp.
– Chrysopa sp.
• Bemisia tabaci
– Eretmocerus sp – Nauru and NMI
– Introduced to Tonga in 2004 and 07 ?
Bean podborer Maruca vitrata
• Apanteles etiellae
• Bracon cajani
• B. thurberiphagae
• Eiphosoma annulatum
• Phanerotoma bennetti
• Goniozus sp.
• Perisierola sp
•Rice leafroller Marasmia exigua
Existing•Apanteles sp., Brachymeria fijiensis, Microchelonus blackburni,
Trathala flavo-orbitalis
Introduced from Thailand in 1986•Apanteles sp., Elasmus sp., Goniozus sp., Latomastrix sp. and
Macrocentrus sp
Only Goniozus was released and established
• Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens•Cyrtorhinus lividipennis
•Tythus chinensis
•Rice armyworm Pseudaletia separata • Apanteles expulsus
•Apanteles marginiventris
• Apanteles ruficrus
• Heteropsylla cubana
– Olla v-nigrum
• Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei
– Cephalonomia stephanoderis
Acarina
• Tetranychus marianae
• T. lambi
– Phytoseiculus macropilis
Snails, slugs, ants ?
Common garden brown slug
Giant African
snail
Common
garden snail
Crazy ant
Othreis fullonia Winthemia
caledoniae
New Caledonia ORSTOM April, 1985 Not established
Ooencyrtus sp. Papua New
Guinea via
Samoa via
Australia
ACIAR FPM
Project in
Samoa
September, 1990 Established
Telenomus sp. Papua New
Guinea via
Tonga via
Australia
ACIAR FPM
Project in
Tonga
August, 1993 Established
Aleurodicus
dispersus
Encarsia
?haitiensis
Guam USDA April, 1987 ?
Encarsia
?haitiensis
Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established
Nephaspis
oculatus
Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established
Nephaspis bicolor Hawaii USDA January, 1988 Established
Aspidiotus
destructor
Chilocorus nigrita Vanuatu CIRAD Project April, 1989 Established
Pseudosymnus
anomalus
Vanuatu CIRAD project April, 1989 Established
Plutella
xylostella
Cotesia plutellae Trinidad IIBC May, 1984 Established
Oomyzus
sokolowskii
Trinidad IIBC May, 1984 Established
Diadegma
semicalusum
Taiwan AVRDC October, 1989
May, 1990
Failed to
breed in
laboratory
Not
established
Diadromus
collaris
New Zealand Crop and
Food
Research
Institute
March, 1997 ?
Maruca vitrata Apanteles etiellae Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not
established
Bracon cajani Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not
established
Bracon
thurberiphagae
Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not
established
Eiphosoma
anulatum
Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not
established
Phanerotoma
bennetti
Trinidad IIBC June, 1990 Not
established
Oryctes
rhinoceros
Baculovirus
oryctes
Samoa K. J.
Marschall
Laboratory
October,
1991
February,
1992
Established
Metarhizium
anisopliae var.
major
Samoa K. J.
Marschall
Laboratory
October,
1991
February,
1992
Established
Established
Baculovirus
oryctes
Philippines Philippine
coconut
Authority
August, 1992 Established
Metarhizium
anisopliae var.
major
Philippines Philippine
coconut
Authority
August, 1992 Established
Baculovirus
oryctes
New
Zealand
Hort &
Research,
CRI
November,
1993
Established
Papuana uninodis Steinerma feltiae USA via Australia - June, 1986
Steinerma glasseri ,, - ,,
Vavraia sp.(Protozoa) ,, - ,,
Porina plestophora
(Protozoa)
,, - ,,
Nosema costylytrae
(Protozoa)
,, - ,,
Nosema whitei
(Protozoa)
,, - ,,
Adelina sp. (Protozoa) ,, - ,,
Beauveria bassiana ,, - ,,
Bacillus thuringiensis ,, - ,,
Bacillus popillae ,, - ,,
Serratia sp. ,, - ,,
Cryptoplasmic
polyhedrosis virus
,, - ,,
Nuclear polyhedrosis
virus
,, - ,,
Cocktail mixture of RNA ,, - ,,
Hypothenemus
hampei
Cephalonomia
stephanodermis
New
Caledonia
ORSTOM February, 1994 Died in
laboratory
Marasmia
exigua
Apanteles sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not
established
Elasmus sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not
established
Latomastrix sp Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not
established
Macrocentrus
sp.
Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Not
established
Goniozus sp. Thailand NBCRC February, 1987 Established
Neotermes sp. Meatarhizium
anisopliae
Australia CSIRO,
Canberra
April, 1994 Established
Heteropsylla
cubana
Olla v-nigrum ? ? ? Established