biogas india
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The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
Banwari Lal, Ph.D
Biogas/Energy Production from waste
(Municipal, Agricultural, Food)
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Waste is the unwanted substance(s) arising from human or animal
activities
Rise in population, rapid urbanization, industrialization andchanges in life style across the country led to massive increase inwaste.
In most cities and towns in India, urban waste is disposed of in anunregulated and unscientific manner in open dumps on the outskirtarea.
There is a need for efforts to manage and safely dispose thesewaste, in order to get rid of these environmental hazards.
Moreover, waste management is a significant environmental justiceissue.
Waste!
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation: Overview!
Every year a total of 4400 million cubic meters of liquid waste (Sewage) are
generated in urban areas of India
The per capita of MSW generated daily, in India ranges from about 200 gm.in small towns to 600 gm. in cities(* Collection efficiency is around 70%,)
Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes household garbage and rubbish,street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues,trade and non-hazardous industrial refuse and treated bio-medical solidwaste.
(Source; 2009-10 MNRE Annual Report , Kumar et al, IJES, 2010)
Approximately 55 million tones of MSW are generated in urbanareas of India annually (1.5 lakh tonnes per day).
It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India willincrease at a rate of approximately 1-1.33 % annually(http://www.technologyreview.in)
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Total Municipal solid waste generation inmajor cities of India
S.No. Name of City MSW generation TonesPer Day (TPD)
1 Delhi 7400*
2 Chennai 3036
3 Kolkata 26534 Mumbai 5320
5 Bangalore 1669
6 Hyderabad 2187
7 Ahmedabad 2187
Average organic content of these MSW in India is around 50%
150 tones of organic waste have potential for production of 1 MW energy(Based on the performance of WtoE projects operating in Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Lucknow)
Source: CPCB,2005, * State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2010
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Municipal solid wastes component;
~50 % of organic waste,
~17% recyclables,
~12% hazardous,
~21% inert.
By 2047, MSW generation India expected to reach 300 MT per annum andland requirement for disposal of the same would be
169.6 Km2
Organic waste can be a renewable as well as cost efficient resource forenergy production
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Potential of waste based energy in India
(Source: 2009-10 MNRE annual report)
There is a potential for generation of over 2600 MW of power from urbanwastes in the country
The potential of energy from MSW is estimated to be 3650 and 5200 MW, bythe end of 11th and 12th five year Plans, respectively
Estimated energy recovery potential from solid and liquid waste fromindustrial sector is about 1300 MW
The energy recovery potential of industrial waste is expected to increase toabout 1600 MW by 2012 and 2000 MW by the year 2017
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Around 180 million MT of fruits, vegetables and perishables (food stuffs),are
produced per year in India
However, storage capacity exists only for 23.6 million MT in 5,386 coldstorages across the country, of which, 80 per cent is used only for potatoes,
Around 25 to 30 % of fruits and vegetables and 5 to 7 per cent of foodgrains in India get wasted
Estimated production of fruits and vegetables in India is 150 million tones andthe total waste generated is 50 million tones (30%) per annum (Indian
Agricultural Research Data Book, 2004)
(Source: Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion paper in FDI (Foreign Direct investment)
Agricultural and Food Waste Generation: Overview!
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The high moisture and organic content in these wastes are not suitable for
incineration and composting but can very well utilized in biological treatmentlike anaerobic digestion
Potential Agricultural and Food wastes forEnergy Generation
Forest Residues
Crop Residues
Mill wastes Manure andbio-solids
Urban woodwaste
Food wastes
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Objectives driving Waste to Energy sector!
According to the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)Rules in 2000, all the municipalities across India are required to adoptsustainable and environmentally sound ways of processing MSW
In this regard, Waste to Energy (WtE) provides a solution towards complying
with government regulations, achieving integrated solid waste managementand is perceived as a means to dispose MSW, produce energy
The major benefits of recovery of energy from wastes will be reduction in thequantity of waste, reduction in cost of waste treatment, cost of transportation
of wastes to far-away landfill sites along with generation of substantial quantityof energy
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Waste to Energy: Recommended Technologies
Combustion/Incineration
Pyrolysis/Gasification
Landfill Gas Recovery
Anaerobic Digestion/ Biomethanation
Incineration is considered unsuitable due to high moisture
content of waste, Incineration is 10 times more expensive than
landfill disposal
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Pyrolysis/Gasification: MSW to Syngas for production of drop in
Hydrocarbon fuels
Identifying appropriate technology forwaste management
Biomethanation
GasificationMunicipal
WasteGas Clean
upImpureSyngas
PowerGeneration
PureSyngas
Syngas toChemicals
(Succinicacid)
Drop in hydrocarbon
fuels (jet fuel, diesel,gasoline)
Fischer Tropsch (FT)
synthesis
(in presenceof catalyst)
Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrogen (H2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of variousmolecular weights
Pyrolysis Bio-oilRefining
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Biomethanation, Fermentation:Agricultural and Food waste to Energy
Second Generation biofuel
FermentationAcidhydrolysis
Fischer TropschGasification
RefiningPyrolysis
Energy PlantBiomethanation
Hydro-gen
Ethanol
Bio-oil
Drop inFuel
Ligno-cellulosicbiomass Energy Plant
Biorefinery
Agricultural & FoodWaste
Sewage Waste
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Biomass Gasifier System: Indian scenario (lead)
In the recent decade, as a result of Ministry of Non-ConventionalEnergy Sources (MNES) programs, there has been much interest in
generating power through biomethanation of municipal solid waste
11 biomass co-generation (non-bagasse) projects with a totalcapacity of about 40 MW have been completed during the year2009-10 up to Dec.2009.
In addition to the above, 11 projects aggregating to 50 MW
capacity are under implementation.
six biomass gasifiers for thermal applications with a total capacityof about 4 MW have been installed in various industries such asbakeries, die casting and food processing units, etc during the year2009-10 up to December 2009.
12 biomass gasifier systems for electrical applications with a totalcapacity of 2 MWeq have been installed in various industries.
In addition to the above, 30 biomass gasifier systems with a totalcapacity of about 6 MWeq are under installation in various industriesfor heat / electrical applications.
A 600 kW Thermal Gasifier
System in a biscuit factory
at Distt. Hoogly, West
Bengal
TEAM , A waste treatmentplant for biogas productionwith a capacity of about50kg green leafyvegetables per day (atTERI GRAM, Gual pahari)
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LFG is created with decomposition of solid waste in a landfill. LFG consists ofabout 50% methane (CH
4), the primary component of natural gas, about 50%
CO2, and a small amount of non-methane organic compounds.
LFG is extracted from landfills using a series of wells and a blower/flare (orvacuum) system that directs the collected gas to a central point where it canbe processed and treated depending upon the ultimate use for the gas.
Landfill Gas Recovery (LFG)
Overview of LFGcapture and Use
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11 secure landfills exist in India and additional 74 sites are identified
Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land(depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in anunscientific manner with no compliance to regulations
LFG utilization in India is in its infancy
A preliminary assessment of the potential for an LFG utilization project wasperformed for the Hyderabad Landfill (Landfill) in Hyderabad, India, basedon information provided by the Landfill engineer and observations madeduring a site visit on February 19, 2007.
A preliminary assessment of the potential for an LFG utilization or flaringonly project was also performed for the Okhla Landfill in Delhi based oninformation provided by the City and observations made during a site visiton February 21, 2007.
So far at present only one largest Sanitary Landfill site is planned in India at
Gyaspur Ahmedabad
Land Fill Gas recovery: Indian Scenario!
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Capacity 11.50 Lakhs Metric Tones (i.e. 1.15 million tones), where daily offload 500 metric tones of inert waste from waste processing plants forcoming 6 years
Total construction cost of this site is Rs. 13 Crore (i.e. Rs. 130 million / i.e.$ 2.796 million 1$=Rs. 46.50)
12.88 Hectares (32.8271 acres) of area used
Sanitary landfill site facility at Gyaspur, Ahmedabad
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Greatest potential lies in research and development in predicting gas
resources of landfill site in India
Considering this fact more sanitary landfill sites should be facilitated in India
India could look into utilising the resulting high-purity LFG in added-valueapplications such as fuel cells
Fuel cell applications may represent an especially suitable LFG use in theIndian context
Another area where India could usefully pursue R&D endeavours is in the
design of landfills as bioreactors
Landfill Gas Recovery Potential in India
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Filling of Waste
Covering with soil
Drilling vertical well to Install gas wellsto collect gas
Adjusting the gas wells weekly tomaximize methane content
Current landfill gas collection technology
Limitation with current methods
No soil cover waste placement is haphazard Poor gas quality due to air entrainment Lack of constant well adjustment due to insufficient staffWater logging of vertical well
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Emerging Technology: Permeable layer toImprove LFG Collection!
Placement ofPermeable layerOver Waste
Gas well installation
IL&FS ECOSMART LTD initiated 3
projects in East Mumbai, India;
1. Mulund, Mumbai (with potential
permeable layer
2. Kalyan Dombivali, Mumbai
3. Ulhasnagar, Mumbai
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Landfill site facility at Delhi
Municipal waste disposal site in Delhi Existing landfill sites in Delhi
Two disposal sites have been identified for future disposal of MSW inDelhi, which are located at Jaitpur (26 acres) and Bawana (150 acres)
Waste to Energy plant at Okhla site has potential for 16 MW of powerprocessing, 450 TPD of RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) and 225 TPD of RDF
(from 650 TPD of waste) processed at Timarpur site.
Waste to Energy plant at Gazipur disposal site has a potential to produce10 MW of power processing and 450 TPD of RDF from 1300 TPD waste.
(Source; State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2010)
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Segregation at source
Quality of waste: High moisture content, low calorific value
Poor quality of landfill due to lack of adequate fund
Development of new technology to improve LFG collection
High HRT and high lag period of biomethanation process,
Lack of information on substrate specific biocatalyst, whichcan reduce lag period
Process Control
Presence of Hydrogen sulphide
Mixing inside the reactor
Temperature control
Challenges!
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Interventions Required!
Supplementation of inoculum (bacterial culture, methanogens in the reactorto reduce lag period of biomethanation
Isolate and select robust methanogen(s) to use as inoculum to enhancebiomethanation rate and to reduce HRT
Recycling of leachate
Development of technology for removal of hydrogen sulphide
Introduction of robust acidogenic microbe(s) for control of biomethanationprocess (acidification)
To explore for substrate specific biocatalyst to reduce lag period of
biomethanation
Temperature Control
Supplementation of appropriate nutrient to the reactor to enhancebiomethanation rate
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Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune
Biotechnology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Bio-Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA),
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur
The Energy & Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute (SPRERI), Vallabh Vidyanagar
Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI, Mysore
Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur
Combustion, Gasification & Propulsion Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore
Vasantdada Sugar Institute (VSI), Pune
AICRP on Renewable Energy Sources, Bhopal
Appa Patwardhan Safai wa Paryavaran Tantraniketan, Pune
Waste to Energy: Key Research institutes Of India
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Opportunities to collaborate with Industries !
Timarpur-Okhla Waste management Company LTD.
Energy developments Limited (EDL, India)
IL&FS (Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited)ECOSMART LTD.
Jeruz Energy Ltd. (formed by Indian origin with worldwideexperience in high technology business)
Pyromex
TATA Chemicals
Mahindra & Mahindra
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Thank you !
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