bell ringer 9/11 what are some incentives for people to move to a city? what are some negatives?

Bell Ringer 9/11Bell Ringer 9/11

What are some What are some incentivesincentives for people for people to move to a city? What are some to move to a city? What are some negatives?negatives?

Population Growth 1860-1900

America in 1900

The Urbanization of AmericaThe Urbanization of America

Better paying jobsBetter paying jobs TransportationTransportation Women and blacks find jobsWomen and blacks find jobs

As cities grew – need for land – no As cities grew – need for land – no space – grew space – grew upwardupward - - skyscrapersskyscrapers

Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth 1860-1920

Sources of Immigration From Europe 1860-1900

The Urbanization of AmericaThe Urbanization of America

Those with any capital ($) had huge Those with any capital ($) had huge advantageadvantage

Strains of Urban LifeStrains of Urban Life

Cities lacked adequate waste disposalCities lacked adequate waste disposal Contaminated city drinking waterContaminated city drinking water

crimecrime Air pollution - Why might this be?Air pollution - Why might this be? Working class Working class

TenementsTenements – low rent apartments – low rent apartments Typical Typical annualannual income = $445 income = $445

Rising NativismRising Nativism

Henry Bowers founded the American Henry Bowers founded the American Protective Association which was a group Protective Association which was a group committed to stopping the immigrant tidecommitted to stopping the immigrant tide

Rising NativismRising Nativism

The Immigration Restriction League was The Immigration Restriction League was founded in Boston by Harvard alumni – founded in Boston by Harvard alumni – believed that immigrants should be screened believed that immigrants should be screened through literacy tests and other standards through literacy tests and other standards designed to separate the desirable from the designed to separate the desirable from the undesirableundesirable

“Immigration Under Attack”

Rising NativismRising Nativism

Congress’ Response – restricted Chinese Congress’ Response – restricted Chinese immigration, denied entry to "undesirables", immigration, denied entry to "undesirables", placed a tax on each person admittedplaced a tax on each person admitted

Rising NativismRising Nativism

Immigrant labor = cheap and plentifulImmigrant labor = cheap and plentiful many argued America’s industrial development many argued America’s industrial development

would be impossible without it would be impossible without it

High Culture in the Age of the High Culture in the Age of the CityCity

Politicians enriched themselves and their Politicians enriched themselves and their allies through various forms of graft and allies through various forms of graft and corruptioncorruption

George Plunkitt: called it "honest graft"George Plunkitt: called it "honest graft" Most famously corrupt city boss was William Most famously corrupt city boss was William

M. TweedM. Tweed

High Culture in the Age of the High Culture in the Age of the CityCity

Politicians enriched themselves and their Politicians enriched themselves and their allies through various forms of graft and allies through various forms of graft and corruptioncorruption

George Plunkitt: called it "honest graft"George Plunkitt: called it "honest graft" Most famously corrupt city boss was William Most famously corrupt city boss was William

M. TweedM. Tweed

High Culture in the Age of the CityHigh Culture in the Age of the City

Most famously Most famously corrupt city boss corrupt city boss was William M. was William M. TweedTweed

The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape

Creation of great urban parks Creation of great urban parks

The Mall in Central Park, 1902

The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape

Creation of art museums, concert Creation of art museums, concert halls, libraries, parks required halls, libraries, parks required philanthropy by the wealthyphilanthropy by the wealthy

The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape

City Beautiful Movement – led by architect City Beautiful Movement – led by architect Daniel Burnham, aimed to impose order Daniel Burnham, aimed to impose order and symmetry on the disordered life of and symmetry on the disordered life of cities around the country, growth of cities around the country, growth of suburbs for the moderately well-to-do, suburbs for the moderately well-to-do, tenements were slum dwellings for tenements were slum dwellings for industrial workers, with little or no industrial workers, with little or no plumbing, often windowless with no plumbing, often windowless with no heating, in 1870 a New York state law heating, in 1870 a New York state law required a window built in every bedroomrequired a window built in every bedroom

The Urban Landscape The Urban Landscape

Jacob Riis shocked the middle class Jacob Riis shocked the middle class America with pictures and America with pictures and descriptions of tenement life in his descriptions of tenement life in his book How the Other Half Livesbook How the Other Half Lives

Bell Ringer 9/12Bell Ringer 9/12

Due to a lack of regulation, Due to a lack of regulation, politicians regularly accepted bribes, politicians regularly accepted bribes, or _______ to increase their political or _______ to increase their political power.power.

A.A. AnnuitiesAnnuities

B.B. GraftGraft

C.C. TenementsTenements

D.D. incentivesincentives

Strains of Urban LifeStrains of Urban Life

Chicago and Boston suffered great Chicago and Boston suffered great fires in 1871, encouraged the fires in 1871, encouraged the construction of fireproof buildings, construction of fireproof buildings, developed professional fire developed professional fire departmentsdepartments

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

Mark Twain penned a book Mark Twain penned a book titledtitled

””The Gilded Age: A Tale of The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today”Today”

The Gild

Breakers of the Vanderbilt Family

The Astor Family

The Boldt Castle

The Mount of Edith WhartonLockwood-Mathews Mansion

Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest

IndividualismIndividualism – no matter how – no matter how humble your beginnings, you can rise humble your beginnings, you can rise in societyin society

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism – only the strong – only the strong survivesurvive

Bell RingerBell Ringer

Explain the concept of Social Explain the concept of Social Darwinism and how it applies to Darwinism and how it applies to Americans’ ability to improve Americans’ ability to improve economically.economically.

Social Darwinism

Gospel of Wealth

Social Gospel Salvation Army/YMCA

• Based on evolution

• Only the strong survive

• Carnegie

• Philanthropy

• Use wealth to help others

• Improve conditions through biblical ideas of charity and justice

• Protect safety of people

• Bible studies, group activities

• Focused on “redeeming their souls”

Settlement House Mov’t

• Part of the Social Gospel mov’t• Community center for the poor• Jane Addams- Hull House (Chicago)

Jane Addams Hull House Jane Addams Hull House (Chicago)(Chicago)

Earliest photo of Hull House Current Hull House

Strains of Urban LifeStrains of Urban Life

Rise of organized spectator sports: Rise of organized spectator sports: especially baseball (national pastime)especially baseball (national pastime)

Cincinnati Red Stockings: first salaried Cincinnati Red Stockings: first salaried team- at urging of Albert Spalding team- at urging of Albert Spalding banned together into the National banned together into the National LeagueLeague

Football second favorite game- Football second favorite game- became entrenched in collegiate lifebecame entrenched in collegiate life

High Culture in the Age of the High Culture in the Age of the CityCity

Salvation Army: concentrated more on Salvation Army: concentrated more on religious revivalism than on relief ofthe religious revivalism than on relief ofthe homeless and hungry. Street Arabs: orphaned homeless and hungry. Street Arabs: orphaned children, who grouped together and lived on children, who grouped together and lived on streets searching for food- no lasting solution streets searching for food- no lasting solution to their problemsto their problems

High Culture in the Age of the High Culture in the Age of the CityCity

American murder rate rose rapidly- south and American murder rate rose rapidly- south and west created much violencewest created much violence

Rise of professionalized public police Rise of professionalized public police departmentsdepartments

Often corruptOften corrupt

The Rise of Mass The Rise of Mass ConsumptionConsumption

Refrigerated railroad carts made it Refrigerated railroad carts made it possible for meats, vegetables and possible for meats, vegetables and dairy products to be transported and dairy products to be transported and kept it from spoiling . Improved diets kept it from spoiling . Improved diets and better health- life expectancy rose and better health- life expectancy rose 6 years . Development of Chain stores: 6 years . Development of Chain stores: able to sell manufactures goods at able to sell manufactures goods at cheaper prices, great variety of cheaper prices, great variety of productsproducts

The Rise of Mass The Rise of Mass ConsumptionConsumption

Took advantage of economies of Took advantage of economies of scale to sell merchandise at lower scale to sell merchandise at lower prices than individual shopsprices than individual shops

New Employment opportunities for New Employment opportunities for women: sale clerks, waitresseswomen: sale clerks, waitresses

The Rise of Mass The Rise of Mass ConsumptionConsumption

Members of urban middle and Members of urban middle and professional classes had large blocks professional classes had large blocks of time in which they were not at of time in which they were not at work.work.

Bell Ringer 9/16Bell Ringer 9/16

““What did the term “Gilded Age” What did the term “Gilded Age” politics refer to?”politics refer to?”

Well-Defined Voting Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs

Well-Defined Voting Well-Defined Voting BlocsBlocs

DemocraticBloc

DemocraticBloc

RepublicanBloc

RepublicanBloc

White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)

Catholics

Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)

Urban working poor (pro-labor)

Most farmers

Northern whites(pro-business)

African Americans

Northern Protestants

Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)

Most of the middleclass

Politics in WashingtonPolitics in Washington

1880 – James. A. Garfield elected 1880 – James. A. Garfield elected PresidentPresident

Garfield didn’t believe in the Garfield didn’t believe in the spoils spoils systemsystem jobsjobs

1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!

Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

1884 Presidential 1884 Presidential ElectionElection

1884 Presidential 1884 Presidential ElectionElection

Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)

Election of 1884Election of 1884

Grover Cleveland (D) vs. James Grover Cleveland (D) vs. James Blaine ®Blaine ®

Repubs unhappy with Blaine Repubs unhappy with Blaine -“Mugwumps” - “great chiefs”-“Mugwumps” - “great chiefs” Repub Mugs voted for Cleveland “an Repub Mugs voted for Cleveland “an

honest Dem”honest Dem”

Little Lost Little Lost MugwumpMugwumpLittle Lost Little Lost MugwumpMugwump

Blaine in 1884

Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion!

Rum, Romanism & Rum, Romanism & Rebellion!Rebellion! Led a delegation of

ministers to Blaine inNYC.

Reference to the Democratic Party.

Blaine was slow torepudiate the remark.

Narrow victory forCleveland [he wins NYby only 1149 votes!].

Dr. Samuel Burchard

Cleveland’s First TermCleveland’s First Term

Supporters expected reward of jobsSupporters expected reward of jobs Mugwumps wanted: increase civil Mugwumps wanted: increase civil

service job systemservice job system Played down the middlePlayed down the middle Made both sides angryMade both sides angry

Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce CommissionCommission

Many believed railroads were gouging Many believed railroads were gouging customerscustomers

Forbade rebates to “high-volume” Forbade rebates to “high-volume” usersusers

Made illegal to charge more for Made illegal to charge more for shorter haulsshorter hauls

Not effective – but important b/c of Not effective – but important b/c of precedent it setprecedent it set

Tariff DebateTariff Debate

What were some of the problems What were some of the problems with tariffs?with tariffs?

Election of 1888Election of 1888

Dems – lower tariffsDems – lower tariffs Repubs – keepRepubs – keep Benjamin Harrison ® narrowly Benjamin Harrison ® narrowly

defeated Clevelanddefeated Cleveland

McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff

Cut tobacco taxesCut tobacco taxes Lowered tariffs on sugarLowered tariffs on sugar Raised tariffs on textiles – WHY?Raised tariffs on textiles – WHY?

Protect American industry – What Protect American industry – What effect?effect?

Increased prices on everythingIncreased prices on everything

Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act

Response to limit power of trustsResponse to limit power of trusts Poorly enforced – did not apply to Poorly enforced – did not apply to

“manufacturing” which was just “manufacturing” which was just about everything (Standard Oil)about everything (Standard Oil)

Impt because of precedent it setImpt because of precedent it set

PopulismPopulism

Section 4Section 4

PopulismPopulism

Mov’t to increase farmers’ political Mov’t to increase farmers’ political powerpower

New tech = increase in cropsNew tech = increase in crops Bigger supply = prices to fallBigger supply = prices to fall Tariffs hurt sales overseasTariffs hurt sales overseas

Money SupplyMoney Supply

GreenbacksGreenbacks- money not backed by - money not backed by gold/silvergold/silver Caused Caused inflationinflation- decline in value of $- decline in value of $ Greenbacks, gold/silver coins, Greenbacks, gold/silver coins, bondsbonds BondsBonds- invest by loaning gov’t your - invest by loaning gov’t your

moneymoney Gov’t stopped printing g’backs – paid Gov’t stopped printing g’backs – paid

bondsbonds

Farmers HurtFarmers Hurt

DeflationDeflation – increase in value of $ – increase in value of $ But But decrease in pricesdecrease in prices Money in short supply – increase in Money in short supply – increase in

interest ratesinterest rates Cause farmers to owe more moneyCause farmers to owe more money

Farmers respondFarmers respond

CooperativesCooperatives – marketing orgs – marketing orgs Tried to increase prices and lower costs Tried to increase prices and lower costs

for their membersfor their members ProblemProblem::

Farmers couldn’t increase prices b/c of Farmers couldn’t increase prices b/c of competitioncompetition

Raise prices = go somewhere elseRaise prices = go somewhere else

Cooperatives held crops off marketCooperatives held crops off market What would this do?What would this do?

Farmers’ AllianceFarmers’ Alliance

1.5 – 3 million members1.5 – 3 million members Form huge cooperativesForm huge cooperatives

Failed – loaned too much $ and was never paid Failed – loaned too much $ and was never paid backback

Railroads, whole salers discriminated against Railroads, whole salers discriminated against themthem

People’s PartyPeople’s Party – political party (aka Populists) – political party (aka Populists) Most Southerners opposedMost Southerners opposed Undermined two-party political systemUndermined two-party political system

Populist PartyPopulist Party

Moderate success when 40 D’s supported Moderate success when 40 D’s supported FAFA Eight Populist Reps and 2 Sen’s electedEight Populist Reps and 2 Sen’s elected Few Dems followed throughFew Dems followed through

Held 1Held 1stst Nat’l Convention Nat’l Convention Coin massive amts of silverCoin massive amts of silver Graduated income taxGraduated income tax Appeal to organized laborAppeal to organized labor

8hr, immigration restrictions, etc8hr, immigration restrictions, etc

William Jennings William Jennings Bryan Bryan

(1860-1925)(1860-1925)

William Jennings William Jennings Bryan Bryan

(1860-1925)(1860-1925)

The “Great The “Great Commoner”Commoner”

Bryan: The Bryan: The Farmers FriendFarmers Friend(The Mint Ratio)(The Mint Ratio)

Bryan: The Bryan: The Farmers FriendFarmers Friend(The Mint Ratio)(The Mint Ratio)

18,000 miles of campaign “whistle 18,000 miles of campaign “whistle stops.”stops.”

DemocDemocratic ratic Party Party Taken Taken Over Over

by the by the AgrariAgrari

an an LeftLeft

DemocDemocratic ratic Party Party Taken Taken Over Over

by the by the AgrariAgrari

an an LeftLeft

Platform tariff reductions; income tax; strictercontrol of the trusts (esp. RRs); free silver.

William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)

William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)

Election of 1896Election of 1896

William Jennings Bryan (Dem) William McKinley (Rep)

-36 years old-unlimited silver coinage -help combat inflation - who would this help?

-”Front Porch Campaign”-most business leaders support-unlimited silver coinage ruin the country-moderate on labor issues-tolerant toward ethnic groups

-McKinley - won 51% of popular vote, electoral 271-176

Election came down to city vs. rural

1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResults

1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResults

Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Loose?Loose?

Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Loose?Loose?

His focus on silver His focus on silver underminedunderminedefforts to build bridges to efforts to build bridges to urbanurbanvoters.voters.

He did not form alliances He did not form alliances withwithother groups.other groups.

McKinley’s campaign was McKinley’s campaign was well-well-organized and highly funded.organized and highly funded.

Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver

Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver

1900 1900 GoldGoldStandard ActStandard Act

confirmed theconfirmed thenation’s nation’s commitment tocommitment tothe gold the gold standard.standard.

A victory for the A victory for the

forces offorces ofconservatism.conservatism.

The Wizard of OzThe Wizard of Ozasas

Political Allegory Political Allegory

The characters and who they representThe characters and who they represent

Dorothy represents the American people

The Scarecrow represents the western farmers

(Populists)

The Tin Woodsman represents the eastern workers, victims of mechanization

The Cowardly Lion represents William Jennings Bryan (1860 – 1925):

Bryan lost the election to William McKinley-- Bryan had a load roar, but no power.

The Wicked Witch of the EastThe Wicked Witch of the East

Represents the eastern banking interests

=

The WizardThe Wizard

William McKinley

OzOz

The abbreviation for an ounce of gold or silver

The Yellow Brick RoadThe Yellow Brick Roadand and

Silver (not ruby!)SlippersSilver (not ruby!)Slippers

Rise of SegregationRise of Segregation

The ExodustersThe Exodusters

Exodus refers to Hebrews leaving Exodus refers to Hebrews leaving Egypt led by MosesEgypt led by Moses 6,000 blacks left for Kansas6,000 blacks left for Kansas Many joined Populist partyMany joined Populist party

Dems began appealing to racismDems began appealing to racism ““Black Republican South”Black Republican South”

tried to take away blacks’ right to votetried to take away blacks’ right to vote

Voting RestrictionsVoting Restrictions

1515thth Amendment prohibits states Amendment prohibits states from denying citizens rights to votefrom denying citizens rights to vote States did this in other waysStates did this in other ways

Poll TaxPoll Tax - $2 to register to vote - $2 to register to vote Outside black’s meansOutside black’s means

Literacy TestLiteracy Test Hurt both black/white – whites “grandfathered” inHurt both black/white – whites “grandfathered” in Louisiana – black registered fell from Louisiana – black registered fell from

130,000(1890) to 5,300 (1900)130,000(1890) to 5,300 (1900)

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

SegregationSegregation – separation of races – separation of races DiscriminatedDiscriminated Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

Plessy v FergusonPlessy v Ferguson Homer Plessy forced to ride separate RR Homer Plessy forced to ride separate RR

car in Louisianacar in Louisiana ““Separate but equal”Separate but equal”

African American ResponseAfrican American Response

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois- author, sociologist - author, sociologist – demand equal rights immediately– demand equal rights immediately

Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells- campaigned against - campaigned against lynchingslynchings

Booker T Washington –Booker T Washington –teacher – teacher – against demanding equal social against demanding equal social rights; advocate for economic and rights; advocate for economic and educational advancementeducational advancement