avoiding sophisticated targeted breach critical guidance healthcare

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AvoidingaSophisticated,TargetedBreachCriticalGuidanceforHealthcareOrganizations

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AttackersAreBecomingMoreandMoreSuccessful,LittleSecurityDisruptionTheparadigmgraph

Time

SuccessR

ate

Attackers

Defenders

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Attacker-Defenderparadigminquestion100%success

• Advancedadversariessucceedalmost100%ofthetime

• BUT,attackershavesomeinherentvulnerabilitiestoo- an

attackiscomposedofdozensorevenhundredsofsteps

• Withtherightproceduresandtoolsetinplace,adefendercan

turnany(verylikely)mistakemadebyanattackerintoa

completeexposureofthemaliciousoperation

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Black market traffickingofcompromisedenterprisecomputingresources

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Anewincidentisdetected

• IsitTargetedorUntargeted?

• Isitrelevant?

• Acompletelyuntargetedthreatcanturnintoatargeted

operationwithinhours

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BusinessRationaleMachine

Life

timeVa

lue

Monetization Method

Adware/Click-fraudBulkSale

UnitSale

$18 – $36$10 – $20

$10 - $1000

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– MachineValuation

Basic– Approx.+50%on“commodityprice”(~$5-$10)

• Adminprivs

• PublicIP

• Networkbandwidth

Nice– Between+50%-1,000%

• Installedsoftware/Accessedwebsites

Jackpot– Between+1,000%- 10,000%

• Enterpriseaffiliation

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Blackmarketmachinetrading

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Blackmarketmachinetrading

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BlackmarketCodeofConduct

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– US-basedmachines

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– SomestatisticsPercentageofcompromisedmachinesforsaleperstate– Top5:

• 1stprizegoesto:California,21%

• 2ndprizegoesto:NewJersey,11%

• 3rdprizegoesto:NewYork,6%

• 4thprizegoesto:Texas,6%

• 5thprizegoesto:Iowa,6%(what?!...)

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Examining a Threat Escalation IncidentCaseStudy

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– CasestudyIncidentdetails,asseeninseveralenterprises:

• Startswithuntargeted,knownfile-less

click-fraudtool,effectingseveral

machinesintheenterprisenetwork

• Detectionwasbasedonmalicioususeof

PowerShellandmalware

communicationwithknownmalicious

C2domains/IPs

• De-prioritizedbySOCbasedonlow

damagepotential

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– CasestudyIncidentdetails,asseeninseveralenterprises:

• SOCcontinuestomonitorthecompromised

endpoints(automated),andblocksaccessto

theknownC2

• 5dayslater,1machinestopsattemptingto

communicatewithknownC2andisdetected

performingDGAandconnectingtoa

previouslyunknownC2

• C2communicationsnowoccursonlywhen

“outside”thecorporatenetwork(noC2

whenlocalIPisintheenterprisesubnet,

onlywhenon192.168.*or10.0.*)

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– CasestudyIncidentdetails,asseeninseveralenterprises:

• Overthenext24hoursC2communicationprofilechangestoinclude

downloadinganduploadingsignificantlymoredata,andclick-fraudtool

escalatedprivilegestoLocalSystem

• Before(typicalclick-fraud):

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– CasestudyIncidentdetails,asseeninseveralenterprises:

• Overthenext24hoursC2communicationprofilechangestoincludedownloading

anduploadingsignificantlymoredata

• After(couldindicateaheavierprotocoltransmittedoverport8080/downloadof

additionalmodules/exfiltrationofbroadersysteminformation):

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Blackmarketmachinetrading– CasestudyIncidentdetails,asseeninseveralenterprises:

• Attacktoolinjectscodeandmigratesintomsdtc.exe process

• Below,msdtc.exe establishingC2connectionwithpreviouslyDGA-establishedC2:

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Behavioral Indicatorsofatransaction

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TTPsofSeller-Marketplace-BuyerRelationshipC2

• Continuous/reliable/autoverifiablecommandandcontrolchannel– RDP,SSH

• Requiredtoenablethetransaction

• Canusenon-standardports,reverseconnections,encapsulationinother

protocols(e.g.HTTP)

• Exactconfiguration&persistencemethoddependontheseller

• Tasking-basedC2isveryrareinmarketplacessinceitdoesn’tnaturallyfit

theabove3criteria

• Oncethebuyergoesin,adifferentmechanismmaybeputinplace

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TTPsofSeller-Marketplace-BuyerRelationshipPriv.Esc.

• Priv.Esc.– Adminaccessisworthmorethanunprivilegeduseraccess.

• Process/installedsoftwareenumerationandbrowserhistoryenumeration.

Relevantsoftwareandbrowsinghistorycanupthepriceofacompromised

machineby100x

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TTPsDetection– Howtobreakthesystem?

ChangeinC2

• FromknownmaliciousIP/domaintounknownIP/domain

• FromstraightIP/domaintoDGA

• QuestionconnectionstoRDPservice– especiallyonalreadycompromised

machines

• Longlastingconnections

• ChangeinRDPconfiguration

• Questionunfamiliarmodulesloadedaspartoftheremoteassistanceservice

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TTPsDetection– Howtobreakthesystem?

Changeinprivileges

• Monitorforprocessesperformingpriv.esc.– especiallyonalreadycompromised

machines

• Process/Installedsoftwareenumerationandbrowserhistoryenumeration

• Stopofpreviousattack?Inmostcases– Notagoodindicator…(Nocodeof

conductforthisonmostmarketplaces)

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HouseofCards

Successfuldefensedoesn’tmean

stoppingeverystageoftheattack…

…findonecomponentofthehackand,over

time,theentireoperationcancollapse.

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ReturningPowertotheDefendersBeProactive!Establishvisibility!Huntforcyberkillchainbehaviors!

Time

SuccessR

ate

Attackers

Defenders

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