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ASHRAE 1375-TRP: CHARACTERIZATION OF EFFLUENTS FROM
ADDITIONAL COOKING APPLIANCES
Thomas H. Kuehn Bernard A. OlsonJames W. Ramsey
Joshua M. RocklageDabrina D. DutcherDabrina D. Dutcher
Deborah Gross*
Department of Mechanical Engineering p g gUniversity of Minnesota
*Department of ChemistryC rleton CollegeCarleton College
June 23, 2007
ObjectiveObjectiveThis project aims to further the knowledge gained from
ASHRAE 745-RP in which particulate, vapor and gaseous ffl h i d f i ki lieffluents were characterized for various cooking appliances.
Emissions were found to vary greatly depending on appliance and food product. Using this information, kitchen equipment manufacturers are able to design better greaseequipment manufacturers are able to design better grease capture systems.
Using state-of-the-art technology, the aerosol particles will be measured from 10 nm to 20 μm in size usingwill be measured from 10 nm to 20 μm in size using personal cascade impactors and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers. Measurements will also be made using an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) along with g p ( ) gchemical analysis to determine the chemistry of the particles. In addition, a condensable vapor monitor is under development to provide real-time and integrated grease
tvapor measurements. 2
OutlineOutline• Project Overview• Test Facility Requirements and Characterization• Measurement Instruments• Sampling Locations and Setup• Testing Results
– Nieco Conveyor Broiler– Garland Clamshell Griddle
Middl b M h ll C O– Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven– Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler
• Conclusions• Conclusions 3
Previous WorkPrevious WorkAverage Grease Distribution for Each Appliance
60
40
50
b Pr
oduc
t
TotalParticulates
20
30
lb G
reas
e/10
00 lb
Particulates
PM 10 PM 2.5
0
10
s G
riddl
em
burg
er)
c G
riddl
em
burg
er)
Gas
Fry
erPo
tato
es)
ctric
Fry
erot
atoe
s)
s Br
oile
rm
burg
er)
ric B
roile
rm
burg
er)
Bro
iler
n B
reas
t)
c Br
oile
rn
Bre
ast)
Ove
nge
Piz
za)
ic O
ven
ge P
izza
)
ange
Saus
age,
ce)
Ran
geSa
usag
e,ce
)
Vapor
Gas
(Ham
Elec
tri(H
am G (P
Elec (P
o
Ga
(Ham
Elec
tr(H
am
Gas
B(C
hick
en
Elec
tric
(Chi
cken
Gas
(S
ausa
g
Elec
tri(S
ausa
g
Gas
Ra
(Spa
ghet
ti, S
Sau
c
Elec
tric
R(S
pagh
etti,
SS
auc
Appliance
Vapor Dp ≤ 2.5 micrometers 2.5 micrometers < Dp ≤ 10 micrometers Dp > 10 micrometers
ASHRAE 745-RP
p p p p
4
Appliances and Test ScheduleAppliances and Test ScheduleAppliances and Food Product to be Tested
# Appliance ASTM Document Food Product Appliance Source
1 Gas Conveyor Broiler F2239-03 1/4 lb hamburger patties Burger King(Mark Finck)(Mark Finck)
2 Clamshell Griddle(Double-sided griddle) F1605-95 1/4 lb hamburger patties McDonalds
(Frank Kohout)
3 Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven F1817-97 Pizza FSTC
4 Gas Over-fired Broiler F2237-03 5 oz boneless chicken breast FSTCbreast
5 Gas or Electric Compartment Steam Cooker F1484-05 Green Peas and Red Potatoes FSTC
6 Gas Asian Broiler(Chinese (Wok) range) F1991-99 Water & other ingredients
to be determined FSTC
7 S lid F l B il No corresponding ASTM T b d t i d FSTC7 Solid Fuel Broiler No corresponding ASTM document found To be determined FSTC
Tentative Test Schedule
Test Sequence / Dates Appliance
November & December 2006 Gas Conveyor Broiler
January & February 2007 Clamshell Griddle (Double-sided griddle)
February & March 2007 Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven
M h & A il 2007 G O fi d B ilMarch & April 2007 Gas Over-fired Broiler
May & June 2007 Gas or Electric Compartment Steam Cooker
July & August 2007 Gas Asian Broiler (Chinese (Wok) range)
September & October 2007 Solid Fuel Broiler5
Test Facility RequirementsTest Facility Requirements
Exhaust SystemExhaust System• Flowrate Calibration• Velocity Uniformity• Aerosol Spatial UniformityAerosol Spatial Uniformity
Makeup Air SystemMakeup Air System• Flowrate Calibration
6
Measurement InstrumentsMeasurement Instruments
Particle Sizing Measurements• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)
M l 290 P l C d I t (PCI) Vapor Measurements• Marple 290 Personal Cascade Impactor (PCI)• Optical Particle Counter (OPC)
Vapor Measurements• Condensable Vapor Monitor
• EPA Method 5
Particle Sizing and Speciation• Aerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)• Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)
• Filter samples for chemical analysis
7
Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass SpectrometerAerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer
• TSI Model 3800
• Real time, single particle sizing and chemical
EllipsoidalMirrors
Aerodynamic Lens
gsignature
• Identifies specific chemical signatures that make up a
PMT
Sizing Lasers(532 nm)
Reflectronsignatures that make up a particle
• Laser desorption/ionization with dual polarity time-of-
+ ions+ ions -- ionsions
with dual polarity time-of-flight mass spectrometry
• Size range: 50nm – 600nmIonization/Desorption
Laser (266 nm)
MicrochannelPlate IonDetectors
8
Bulk Analysis of Aerosol Particles d C d bl Vand Condensable Vapors
Purpose:1) To gain information about the potential health impact of the emissions
2) To better understand the chemical composition of the grease vapor
• Detailed chemical speciation can be carried out in addition to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These samples will provide chemical information integrated over the entire test.
• The analyses we propose are the following:– EC/OC Ratio: Ratio of elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) as a
tracer of the various types of compounds which contribute to the particle yp p pemissions
– PAH Speciation: Analysis of semi-volatile and particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
– GCMS Analysis for Detailed Organic Speciation: This is further analysis of the organics collected on the filters used for the EC/OC measurement 9
Schematic Diagram of Effluent Sampling System
10
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Sample linesSample lines
Broiler
SMPS
11
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Orifice Meters forSMPS Dilution SystemOpen Face Filter SMPS Dilution SystemOpen Face Filter
Flow Control
12
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Probe
Compressed Air Line
Sample Line
SMPS Dilution System13
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Sampling Probe
Oven and Impingers
EPA Method 514
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Flow Control
Condensable Vapor MonitorCondensable Vapor Monitor
Data Acq isition Eq ipment
Condensable Vapor Monitor
Data Acquisition Equipment
15
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
16
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
SMPS sampling from duct 17
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
PCI li f d t2 µm cut Impactor
PCI sampling from duct
SMPS Sample Line
18
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Two ATOFMS sampling from duct19
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Two ATOFMS sampling from duct 20
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Heated Sample LineHeated Sample Line
EPA Method 5 and Condensable Vapor Monitor sampling from duct21
Nieco Conveyor Broiler TestingNieco Conveyor Broiler Testing
Open Face FilterEPA Method 5 Probe
Inlet Probe for PCI
Inlet Probe for SMPS
22
Nieco Conveyor Broiler TestingNieco Conveyor Broiler Testing
23
Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
3 108
Nieco 980 Conveyor Broiler In Plume (12-14-06)1500
PCI Plume Data (Nieco 980 Conveyer Broiler)
Test 1
PCIPCI
2 108
2.5 108
3 10
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
N/d
logD
p
1000
1250
Test 1Test 2Test 3
mg/
m3
1 108
1.5 108
ber C
once
ntra
tion,
dN
500
750
DM
/Dlo
gDp,
m
0
5 107
10 100 1000
Num
b
0
250
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Geometric Particle Diameter, nm
In Plume 12/14/06Aerodynamic Particle Size, um
24
Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
Nieco 980 Conveyor Broiler In Duct (12-14-06)80
PCI Duct Data (Nieco 980 Conveyer Broiler)
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
2.5 107
3 107
3.5 107
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
/dlo
gDp
50
60
70 Test 1Test 2Test 3
g/m
31.5 107
2 107
er C
once
ntra
tion,
dN
/
30
40
DM
/Dlo
gDp,
mg
0
5 106
1 107
10 100 1000
Num
be
0
10
20
0 01 0 1 1 10 100
25
10 100 1000
Geometric Particle Diameter, nm
In Duct 12/14/06
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Aerodynamic Partice Size, um
Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results d- Averaged SMPS Data
2 5 108
3 108
Nieco Broiler Average SMPS Distributions
Average Plume DistributionAverage Duct Distribution
2 108
2.5 10
ion,
dN
/dlo
gDp Dilution Factor at Peak = 7.75
1 108
1.5 108
mbe
r Con
cent
rat
0
5 107
10 100 1000
Nu
10 100 1000
Geometric Particle Diameter, nm26
Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data
50
Nieco Model 980 Conveyor Broiler Plume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions
30
35
40
45
lb. F
ood
15
20
25
30
mis
sion
s/10
00
Vapor
Particles
0
5
10
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
lb. E
m
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
27
Garland Clamshell Griddle d dModel MWG-9501 with 2 Speed Fan
28
Clamshell Griddle – Cooking Procedureg
29
Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
PCI Plume Data (Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell Griddle )
6
Garland Clamshell Griddle In Plume (2-12-07)
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
60
70
80
Test 1Test 2Test 34 106
5 106
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
/dlo
gDp
30
40
50
DM
/Dlo
gDp,
mg/
m3
2 106
3 106
er C
once
ntra
tion,
dN
0
10
20
0 01 0 1 1 10 1000
1 106
10 100 1000
Num
b
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Aerodynamic Particle Size, um
302/12/07
10 100 1000
Geometric Particle Diameter, nm
Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct
SMPSSMPS PCIPCI
PCI Duct Data (Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell Griddle )Garland Clamshell Griddle in Duct (2-12-07)
SMPSSMPS PCIPCI
12
14
16
Test 1Test 2Test 3
31 106
1.5 106
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
/dlo
gDp
6
8
10
DM
/Dlo
gDp,
mg/
m3
5 105
1 10
er C
once
ntra
tion,
dN
/
0
2
4
0 01 0 1 1 10 1000
10 100 1000
Num
be
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Aerodynamic Partice Size, um
312/12/07
10 100 1000
Geometric Particle Diameter, nm
Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI Data
60
Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell GriddlePlume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations
40
50
g/m
3
20
30
ass
Con
c., m
g
Plume
Duct
0
10
Ma
0Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
32
Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data
450
500
Nieco Model 980 Conveyor BroilerPlume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons
300
350
400
450
mg/
m3
150
200
250
Mas
s C
onc.
, Plume
Duct
0
50
100
M
33
Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data
10
Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell GriddlePlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions
7
8
9
10
b. F
ood
4
5
6
sion
s/10
00 l
b
Vapor
Particles
0
1
2
3
lb. E
mis
0Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
34
Middleby Marshall PS-360WBGas Conveyor Pizza Oven
35
Middleby Marshall PS-360WBGas Conveyor Pizza Oven
36
Gas Conveyor Pizza OvenbCook Time Calibration
(From ASTM F1817-97)
1 P i d l i l 39 1 °F1. Prepare pizzas and place in cooler at 39 ± 1 °F2. Set temperature control to manufacturer’s recommended
setting3. Turn on control panel and fans4. Allow oven to preheat for 30 minutes5. Estimate cook time by adjusting chain speed5. Estimate cook time by adjusting chain speed6. Remove enough pizzas from cooler to fill width of conveyor7. Place pizzas simultaneously onto conveyor8 Remove pizzas when cooked and place on cardboard cut out8. Remove pizzas when cooked and place on cardboard cut-out9. Determine internal temperature of pizzas using six-
thermocouple probe (195 ± 3 °F)10. If internal temperature is not correct, repeat steps 5-9 after
adjusting cook time 37
Gas Conveyor Pizza OvenbCook Time Calibration
38
Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
9.E+06
1.E+07
gDp
16
PCI Plume Data (Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven)
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
5 E+06
6.E+06
7.E+06
8.E+06
ratio
n, d
N/d
log
3/16/20073/26/2007 10
12
14
n, d
M/d
logD
p Test 1Test 2Test 3
2.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
5.E+06
mbe
r Con
cent
r 4/2/20074/9/2007
4
6
8s
Con
cent
ratio
n
0.E+00
1.E+06
10 100 1000
Num
Particle Diameter, nm
0
2
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Mas
s
Aerodynamic Particle Size, µm
39
,
Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
9.E+06
1.E+07
gDp
12
PCI Duct Data(Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven)
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
5 E+06
6.E+06
7.E+06
8.E+06
ratio
n, d
N/d
log
3/16/20073/26/20074/2/2007
8
10
n, d
M/d
logD
p Test 1Test 2Test 3
2.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
5.E+06
mbe
r Con
cent
r 4/2/20074/9/2007
4
6s
Con
cent
ratio
n
0.E+00
1.E+06
10 100 1000
Num
Particle Diameter, nm
0
2
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Mas
s
Aerodynamic Particle Size, µm
40
Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI Data
14
Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations
10
12
mg/
m3
6
8
Mas
s C
onc.
,
Plume
Duct
0
2
4
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
41
Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data
80
Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons
50
60
70
., m
g/m
3
20
30
40
Mas
s C
onc Plume
Duct
0
10
20
42
Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data
Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions
4.0
5.0
lb. F
ood
2.0
3.0
Emis
sion
s/10
00
Vapor
Particles
0.0
1.0
lb.
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
43
Vulcan Sunglow IR-71dGas Over-Fired Broiler
44
Vulcan Sunglow IR-71dGas Over-Fired Broiler
45
Gas Conveyor Pizza OvenbCook Time Calibration
(From ASTM F2237-03)
1. Prepare thawed steaks and place in cooler at 40 ± 2 °F2. Set gas control to manufacturer’s recommended setting3. Light pilot lights and turn on appliance powerg p g pp p4. Allow oven to preheat for 30 minutes5. Remove enough steaks from cooler to fill grate6. Place thermocouples into several steaks at various positions on grate6. Place thermocouples into several steaks at various positions on grate7. Place steaks sequentially onto grate, allowing 15 seconds per row8. Flip steaks halfway through cook time in same order as step 79 Remove steaks in same order as step 7 when cooked to an internal9. Remove steaks in same order as step 7 when cooked to an internal
temperature of 160 °F and place on baking pan10. If internal temperature is not correct, repeat steps 5-9 after adjusting
cook time
46
Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
1.4E+08
1.6E+08
logD
p
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
40
PCI Plume Data(Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler)
8.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.2E+08
ntra
tion,
dN
/dl
5/21/2007
5/24/2007
5/31/200725
30
35
40
ion,
dM
/dlo
gDp
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
2 0E+07
4.0E+07
6.0E+07
umbe
r Con
cen
5
10
15
20
Mas
s C
once
ntra
t
0.0E+00
2.0E+07
10 100 1000
Nu
Particle Diameter, nm
00.01 0.1 1 10 100
M
Aerodynamic Particle Size, µm
47
Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
2.5E+07
gDp
PCIPCISMPSSMPS
PCI Duct Data(Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler)
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
ratio
n, d
N/d
lo
5/21/20075/24/2007
8
10
12
14
n, d
M/d
logD
p
Test 1
Test 2
Test 4
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
mbe
r Con
cent 5/31/2007
2
4
6
8
ss C
once
ntra
tion
0.0E+0010 100 1000
Num
Particle Diameter, nm
0
2
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Ma
Aerodynamic Particle Size, µm
48
Particle Diameter, nm
Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI Data
35
Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired BroilerAverage Plume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations
25
30
, mg/
m3
10
15
20
Mas
s C
onc.
,
Plume
Duct
0
5
10
49
Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data
Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired Broiler
70
80
Plume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons
50
60
onc.
, mg/
m3
Plume
20
30
40
Mas
s C
o
Duct
0
10
50
Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data
8
9
Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired BroilerPlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions
6
7
8
000
lb. F
ood
3
4
5
lb. E
mis
sion
s/10
Vapor
Particles
0
1
2
51
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
ATOFMS Preliminary DataTOF S P e a y DataPositive Average Spectra
3.5
4.0
clamshell conveyor
2.0
2.5
3.0
RelativeIntensity
0.5
1.0
1.5
y
0.0
1 917 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97
105
113
121
129
137
145
153
161
169
177
185
193
201
209
217
225
33 41 49 7 5 3
KNa
2 2 2 24 24 25 265
273
281
289
297
m/z
52
ATOFMS Preliminary DataTOF S P e a y DataNegative Average Spectra
clamshell conveyor
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 3
0.4
0.5
0.6
RelativeIntensity
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
802443628220
212
‐204
‐196
‐188
‐180
‐172
‐164
‐156
‐148
‐140
‐132
‐124
‐116
‐108
‐100‐92
‐84
‐76
‐68
‐60
‐52
‐44
‐36
‐28
‐20
‐12‐4
PO3
‐300
‐292
‐284
‐276
‐26 8
‐260
‐25
‐24
‐23
‐2‐2‐2‐‐
m/z
Elemental Carbon
53
Filter Sampling Preliminary DataF te Sa p g P e a y Data
1
10
mg/
m3
Secondary Filters
10
100
mg/
m3
Main Filters
0.1
1
once
ntra
tion,
m
0.1
1
once
ntra
tion,
m
OC
0.001
0.01
Mas
s C
o
OCPyrol C
0.001
0.01
Mas
s C
o OCECPyrol C
ApplianceAppliance
54
Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup
Desiccant
Heated Sample Line
EPA Method 5 and Condensable Vapor Monitor 55
Condensable Vapor Monitor Data
Condensable Vapor Monitor
0.05
0.1
Flow on
-0.1
-0.05
0
ckne
ss, K
A
Flow off
Sampling
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15Thic Flow off
-0.31:04:48 PM 1:12:00 PM 1:19:12 PM 1:26:24 PM 1:33:36 PM 1:40:48 PM 1:48:00 PM 1:55:12 PM 2:02:24 PM 2:09:36 PM
time
57
Condensable Vapor Monitor Data
58
Condensable Vapor Monitor
• The condensable vapor monitor data does not correlate perfectly with the EPA Method 5 results. This may be due to uncertainty in the Method 5 readings or in the CVM itself5 readings, or in the CVM itself.
• Therefore, a calibration method must be implemented to relate the frequency response of the CVM to the mass of vapor collected.
• The next step is to monitor the psychrometric properties of moist air before and after the CVM and to determine the mass of condensed water vapor collectedvapor collected.
59
Appliance Emission ComparisonAppliance Emission Comparison
ConclusionsConclusions
• All of the instruments and equipment for testing the appliances were setup
• The first four appliances were tested• The grease particle and vapor emissions of the conveyor g p p y
broiler, clamshell griddle, conveyor oven and over-fired broiler are consistent with that presented in the ASHRAE 745-RP report
• The grease particle and vapor emissions of the clamshell griddle are g p p gsignificantly lower than that of the conveyor broiler, they have different particle size distributions, and the chemical composition is slightly different
• The conveyor pizza oven emissions consists of a majority of vapor and few particles
• The condensable vapor monitor is a promising technique, but a gprimary calibration is required
61
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
G h k f f OPC h t h d d f• Greenheck for use of OPC, exhaust hood and fan
• Metal-Fab for donating the exhaust ductB Ki f l i b il h i i f• Burger King for supplying conveyor broiler, technician for setting up conveyor broiler and food product (hamburger patties)p )
• Garland and McDonalds for supplying the clamshell griddle
• McDonalds, Martin Brower and OSI for supplying the food product for the clamshell griddle
• CKV Lab for providing remaining cooking appliancesCKV Lab for providing remaining cooking appliances
62
63
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