ap wh chapter 11 ppt
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Peoples & Civilizations of the Americas
200-1500 C.E.
Classic-EraCulture & Society in
Mesoamerica
200-1500 C.E.
Teotihuacán
• Large Mesoamerican city.
• Height of its power – 450-600 C.E.
• Population of 125,000 to 200,000
• Dominated by:– Religious structures
• Had pyramids and temples where human sacrifice was carried out.
Growth of Teotihuacán
• Possible by forced relocation of farm families to the city by agricultural innovations like:
• irrigation works
• floating gardens– These helped to support a larger population.
Living Quarters
• Apartment-like stone buildings housed commoners and artisans.
• Artisans made pottery, obsidian tools, and weapons for export.
• Elite lived in separate residential compounds.• Elites controlled:
– State bureaucracy– Tax collection– Commerce
Rule
• Ruled by alliances of wealthy families rather than by kings.
• Military was used primarily to:– protect and expand long-distance trade– Ensure that farmers paid taxes or tribute to
the elite.
Collapse
• Teotihuacán collapsed around 650 C.E.
• Caused by:– mismanagement of resources– conflict within the elite– invasion
Teotihuacán City Plan
Pyramid of the Moon
Avenue of the Dead
Architecture
Remains
The Maya
• Single culture living in modern Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico but never formed a politically unified state.
• Various Maya kingdoms fought each other for regional dominance.
Map of Mayan Territory
Agricultural Productivity
• Drained swamps
• Built elevated fields
• Terraced fields
• Constructed irrigation systems
• Managed forest resources to increase production of desired products
City-States
• Largest city-states dominated neighboring city-states and agricultural areas.
• Constructed impressive and beautifully decorated buildings and monuments by using levers and stone tools.
Mayan Observatory
The Cosmos
• To Maya, consisted of three layers:– Heavens– Human world– Underworld
• Temple architecture reflected this cosmology
• Rulers and elites served as priests to communicate with residents of supernatural worlds.
Mayan Pyramid
Military Forces
• Fought for captives, not for territory
• Elite captives were sacrificed
• Commoners were enslaved
Mayan Women
• Elite women participated in bloodletting rituals and other ceremonies
• Rarely had political power
• Non-elite women probably played an essential role in agricultural and textile production.
Mayan Technology
• Developed:– Maya calendar– System of mathematics– Maya writing system
Mayan Hieroglyphics
Mayan Calendar
Mayan Decline
• Most city-states were abandoned or destroyed between 800-900 C.E.
• Possible reasons:– Disruption of Mesoamerican trade upon fall of
Teotihuacán– Environmental pressure caused by
overpopulation– Epidemic disease
Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica
900-1500 C.E.
Toltecs
• Arrived in central Mexico in the tenth century.
• Built a civilization based on the legacy of Teotihuacán.
• Contributed innovations in the areas of politics and war.
Toltecs
• Toltec capital = Tula• Center of the first conquest state in the
Americas.• Dual kings ruled the state
– Arrangement probably caused the internal struggle that undermined the Toltec state around 1000 C.E.
• Toltecs destroyed by invaders around 1156 C.E.
Toltec Statues
Toltec Shield
Toltec Ruins
Aztecs
• Originally a northern people with a clan-based social organization.
• Migrated to Lake Texcoco area
• Established cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco around 1325
• Developed a monarchical system of government
Aztec Kings
• Increased wealth and power by means of territorial conquest.As Empire grew in size, commoners lost ability to influence political decisions– Result was increase in inequalities in wealth
Agricultural Production
• Increased in the capital area by undertaking:– Land reclamation projects– Constructing irrigated fields
• Food tribute met nearly ¼ of capital’s food requirements
Trade• Merchants who were distinct from and
subordinate to the political elite controlled long-distance trade.
• Technology of trade:– No wheeled vehicles– No draft animals– No money used
• Goods carried by human porters and exchanged through barter.
Aztec Worship
• Large number of gods– Most important = Huitzilopochtli, the sun god
• Huitzilopochtli required a diet of human hearts that were supplied by sacrificing thousands of people every year.
Aztec Sacrifice
Northern Peoples
Southwestern Desert Cultures
• Irrigation-based agriculture was introduced to Arizona from Mexico around 300 B.C.E.
• Hohokam constructed extensive irrigation works in the Salt and Gila valleys around 1000 C.E.
Anasazi
• Developed a maize, rice, and bean economy
• Constructed underground buildings (kivas) in Arizona/New Mexico/Colorado/Utah region around 450-750 C.E.
Chaco Canyon
• Population of about 15,000.
• People engaged in:– Hunting– Trade– Irrigated agriculture
• Exerted political or religious dominance over a large region.
Anasazi Decline
• Twelfth or thirteenth centuries as a result of:– Drought– Overpopulation– Warfare
Anasazi Ruins
Mound Builders of the Mississippi
Mound Builders:The Mississippian Culture
• Chiefs served as priests and managed secular affairs such as long-distance trade
• People built large mounds both as:– burial sites– as platforms upon which temples and
residences of the society’s elite were constructed.
Mississippian Center
• Center was Cahokia– Population of about 30,000 around 1200 C.E.
• Cahokia was abandoned around 1250– Perhaps because of climate changes and
population pressure
Reconstruction of Cahokia
Andean Civilizations
600-1500 C.E.
Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge
• Human inhabitants had to respond to:– High-altitude Andes– Dry coastal plain– Tropical headwaters of the Amazon
Labor Organization
• Basic unit of Andean labor = clan or ayllu
• Clans held land collectively
• Obligated to assist each other in production and to supply goods and labor to the clan chief.
Organization
• Territorial states organized after 1000 C.E.
• Introduced the institution of the mit’a– Required each allyu to provide a set number
of workers each year to provide labor for:• Religious establishments• Royal court• aristocracy
Division of Labor• Work was divided along gender lines.• Men were responsible for:
– Hunting– War– Government
• Women were responsible for:– Weaving– Crops– Home
Andean Environment
• Four major ecological zones:– Coast– Mountain valleys– Higher elevations– Amazonian region
• Each region produced different goods and exchanged through network of trade routes.
Moche
• Culture emerged in the north coastal region of Peru in about 200 C.E.
• Used mit’a labor system to construct irrigated agriculture system.
• Produced:– Maize– Quinoa– Beans– Manioc
Map of Moche Region
Society
• Stratified and theocratic
• Wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of an elite of priests and military leaders
Elite vs. Commoners
• Elite:– Lived atop large
platforms– Decorated themselves
with fancy clothes, jewelry, and tall headdresses.
• Commoners:– Cultivated fields of
elite– Supplied mit’a labor to
the elite
Moche Artisans• Skilled in production of:
– Textiles– Portrait vases– Metallurgy
• Gold and silver used for decorative purposes
• Copper and copper alloy used for farm tools and weapons.
Moche Art
Decline and Fall
• Attributed to:– series of natural disasters in the sixth century– Pressure from warlike Wari people in the
eighth century
Tiwanaku
• Located in Bolivia.
• Experienced increased agricultural productivity and urbanization after 200 C.E.
• Cultivated potatoes and grains on raised fields reclaimed from marshland.
Urban Construction
• Urban areas included:– Large terraced pyramid– Walled enclosures– Reservoir
• Construction process:– Large stones quarried, moved and laid by
many workers – Used simple technology– Had copper alloy tools
Tiwanaku
Tiwanaku Society
• Highly stratified
• Ruled by hereditary elite
• Included specialized artisans
• Tiwanaku was a ceremonial and political center for a large regional population
Statue by Artisans
Wari
• Located near city of Ayucuho, Peru
• Had contact with Tiwanaku, but separate culture
• City built without central planning, different techniques, and very small compared to Tiwanaku
Wari Artwork
Tiwanaku and Wari
• Both civilizations declined to insignificance by 1000 C.E.
The Inca
Origins
• Small chiefdom in Cuzco until leaders consolidated political authority.
• Began program of military expansion in the 1430s.
• By 1525, constructed a huge empire.
Key to Inca Wealth
Ability to develop a
strong professional military
AND
Use it to broaden and expand traditional exchange system that linked regions of
Andes together.
Inca Map
Labor System
• Used mit’a labor system to:– Man armies– Build capital city– Maintain religious institutions– Provide for old, weak, and ill
Local Rulers
• Inca left local rulers in place
• Controlled them by:– Military garrisons located close by– Took heirs to Cuzco as hostages
Central Government
• Inca created an imperial bureaucracy led by a king.
• Each king was required to prove himself by conquering new territory.
Capital City
• Capital = Cuzco
• Laid out in shape of a puma
• Buildings constructed of stone without mortar
• Palaces and temples decorated with scenes of rituals, feasts, and sacrifices.
Cultural Contributions
• Astronomical observation
• Weaving
• Copper and bronze metallurgy
• Gold and silver working
• Did not introduce new technology, but made existing technology more efficient to increase profits throughout region.
Inca Artwork
Civil War
• Incan domination increased wealth, but reduced levels of local autonomy.
• Elite fell into civil war in 1525.
• Inca control over vast territories was weakened.
Cuzco
Cuzco
Which way to Machu Pichu?
Machu Pichu
Now how do we get down from here?
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