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ANIMAL TISSUES
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body
Anatomy—structure
Physiology—function
Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels of organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cellular level: Muscle cellA
An example of structural hierarchy in a pelican
Tissue levelMuscle tissue
A BCellular levelMuscle cell
An example of structural hierarchy in a pelican
A B
CAn example of structural hierarchy in a pelican
Cellular levelMuscle cell
Tissue levelMuscle tissue
Organ levelHeart
A B
C
D
An example of structural hierarchy in a pelican
Organ system levelCirculatory system
Organ levelHeart
Tissue levelMuscle tissue
Cellular levelMuscle cell
Organism levelMany organ systems functioning together
A B
C
D
E
Organ system levelCirculatory system
Organ levelHeart
Tissue levelMuscle tissue
Cellular levelMuscle cell
An example of structural hierarchy in a pelican
20.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: An animal’s form reflects natural selection
• Sharks, seals, and penguins have streamlined, tapered bodies
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Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
Video: Shark Eating a Seal
20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
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Animals have four main categories of tissues:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
• Epithelial cells come in three shapes:
1. Squamous—like a fried egg2. Cuboidal—as tall as they are wide3. Columnar—taller than they are wide
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Apical surface ofepithelium
Cell nucleiUnderlying Tissue
Basallamina
Simple squamous epithelium(air sacs of the lung)
Simple cuboidal epithelium(kidney
Simple columnar epithelium(intestine
Stratified squamous epithelium(esophagus
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Epithelium (respiratory tract)
A
B
C
D
E
Types of epithelial tissue
• Stratified epithelial cells are stacked on top of each other
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20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
E
Types of epithelial tissue;Stratified squamus epithelium(lining the esophagus) Stratified squamous epithelium
(esophagus
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues
• Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types
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Fat droplets
Adipose tissue
White bloodCells
Red bloodcell
Blood
Plasma
Loose connective tissue(under the skin)
Elastic fibers
Collagen fiber
CellFibrousconnective tissue
(forming a tendon
Collagen fibers
Cell nucleusCartilage
(at the end of a bone)
Matrix
Cartilage-Forming cells
CentralCanal
Matrix
Bone-Forming Cells
Bone
B
AF
E
D
C
Types of connective tissue
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
• Skeletal muscle: causes voluntary movements.
• Cardiac muscle: pumps blood.
• Smooth muscle: moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines.
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Unit of musclecontraction
Nucleus
Nucleus
Junction betweentwo cells
Nucleus
Muscle fiberCardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
C
B
A
The three types of muscle
Muscle fiberMuscle fiber
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network
• Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses.
• Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish neurons
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Cell body
Nucleus
Neurons in the spinal cord
20.8 Organs are made up of tissues
• Each tissue performs specific functions.
• The heart has epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues:
1. Epithelia line the heart chambers2. Connective tissues make the heart
elastic3. Neurons regulate contractions
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Small intestine
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue2Layers
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium
Lumen
Tissue layers of the small intestine wall
• Artificial skin: Used to heal burn
20.9 CONNECTION: Bioengineers are learning toproduce tissues and organs for transplants
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laboratory-grown bladder
PLANT TISSUES
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
1. Dermal tissue:– Outer protective covering
2. Vascular tissue:– Support and long-distance transport
3. Ground tissue:– Bulk of the plant body– Food production, storage, support
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31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
• Dermal tissue:– Layer of tightly packed cells called the
epidermis.
– First line of defense against damage and infection
– Waxy layer called cuticle on top of epidermis, reduces water loss
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31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
1. Vascular tissue:– Composed of xylem and phloem– Arranged in bundles
2. Ground tissue:– Lies between dermal and vascular tissue– Eudicot stem ground tissue is divided into pith and cortex– Leaf ground tissue is called mesophyll
Eudicot leaf
Xylem Phloem
ا
Vein
GuardCells
StomaSheath
Eudicot stemVascular
bundle
Pith
Cortex
Epidermis
Eudicot root
Endodermis
Cortex
Epidermis
Phloem
Xylem
cylinder
Mesophyll
Cuticle
Upper epidermisا
Lower epidermis
Monocot stemVascularBundle
Epidermis
Key
Ground tissue systemDermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
The three plant tissue systems
Eudicot leaf
XylemPhloem
Vein
GuardCells
Stoma
Sheath
Mesophyll
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Key
Ground tissue system
Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
The three plant tissue systems
Eudicot stemVascularbundle
Pith
Cortex
Epidermis
Monocot stemVascularBundle
Epidermis
Key
Ground tissue system
Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
The three plant tissue systems
Eudicot root
Endodermis
Cortex
Epidermis
Phloem
XylemVascularcylinder
Key
Ground tissue system
Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
The three plant tissue systems
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31.5 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
• Plants cells have three structures that distinguish them from animals cells:
1. Chloroplasts used in photosynthesis2. A large, fluid-filled vacuole3. A cell wall composed of cellulose
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31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
• Plant cell wall– Some plant cell walls have two layers
– Primary cell wall—outermost layer– Secondary cell wall—tough layer inside
primary wall– A sticky layer called the middle lamella
lies between adjacent plant cells
– Openings in cell walls called plasmodesmata allow cells to communicate and exchange materials easily
Pit
Plasmodesmata
Plasmamembrane
Cell walls ofadjoining cells
Secondarycell wall Middle lamella
Cell wallsPrimary cell wall
Central vacuole
ChloroplastNucleus
Endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
Golgiapparatus
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Plasma membrane
The structure of a plant cell
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• Plant cell structure is related to function.
• There are five major types of plant cells:1. Parenchyma cells2. Collenchyma cells3. Sclerenchyma cells4. Water-conducting cells5. Food-conducting cells
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
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31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
• Parenchyma cells:
– The most abundant cell type– Have thin primary cell wall– Lack secondary cell wall– A live at maturity– Function in photosynthesis, food and
water storage
Starch-storing vesicles
Primarycell wall
(thin)
Pit
Parenchyma cell
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• Collenchyma cells:
– Have unevenly thickened primary cell wall
– Lack secondary cell wall– A live at maturity– Provide flexible support
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Primarycell wall(thick)
Collenchyma cell
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• Sclerenchyma cells:
– Have thick secondary cell wall that contain lignin, (lignin is a main component of wood(
– It is dead at maturity– Rigid support– There are two types of sclerenchyma
cells: fibers and sclereids.
– Fibers—long and thin, arranged in bundles.
– Sclereids—shorter than fibers, present in nut shells and pear tissue.
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Primarycell wall
Sclereid
Pits
Secondarycell wall
Sclereid cells
Secondarycell wall
Pits
Primarycell wall
Fiber
Fiber cells
Sclerenchyma cells:fiber (left) and sclereid (right)
Secondarycell wall
Pits
Primarycell wall
Fiber
Fiber cells
Sclerenchyma cells: fiber
Primarycell wall
Sclereid
Pits
Secondarycell wall
Sclereid cells
Sclerenchyma cells: sclereid (right)
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• Water conducting cells: tracheids and vessel elements:
– Both have thick secondary cell walls – Both are dead at maturity– Chains of tracheids and vessel elements
form tubes that make up the vascular tissue called xylem
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Pits
Pits Tracheids
Vessel element
Openingsin end wall
Water-conducting cells
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• Food-conducting cells: Sieve tube members:
– No secondary cell wall– A live at maturity but lack most organelles– Companion cells:
– Contain organelles– Control operations of sieve tube members.
– Chains of sieve tube members, separated by porous sieve plates, form the vascular tissue called phloem
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Cytoplasm
Primarycell wall
Companion cell
Sieve plate
Food-conducting cell (sieve-tube member)
Meristematic tissues: • These are located at the tips of roots and stems, between the
water- and food-conducting tissues of stems, and at various other places in plant bodies
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Locations of apical meristems, which are responsible for primary growth
Axillary buds
Terminal bud
Root tips
Black Arrows = direction of growth
Cellulose fibers
Key
Ground tissue system
Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
Apical meristemRegion
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation
Zone of cell division
Root cap
Epidermis Cortex Vascular cylinder
Root hair
Primary growth of a root
• Meristematic cells are small, thin-walled, frequently cubical, densely packed with protoplasm, and capable of producing new cells by cell-division.
• permanent tissues do not become changed into other kinds of tissues as do Meristematic tissues. (source of differentiation :they give rise to all other kinds of tissues)
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
Microscopic photographs of the meristematic cells in the tip of onion roots showing cell division (Arrows)
31.6 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function
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