animal reproduction obj. 8.01. reproductive terminology castration - removing the male testicles to...

Animal Reproduction

Obj. 8.01

Reproductive Terminology

• Castration - removing the male testicles to prevent breeding

• Colostrum - the first milk that a baby mammal needs for immunity

• Estrus - the time that a female is in heat• Estrus Cycle - the length of time from one

cycle to the next cycle

Reproductive Terminology

• Gestation - the time an animal is pregnant• Puberty - the age an animal reaches maturity• Lactation - the time period where female gives

milk• Parturition - the act of giving birth• Ovulation - the release of the egg from the

ovary• Fertilization - the union of sperm and egg

Reproductive Traits

Species Age Range at Puberty

Avg. Length of Estrus

Cycle

Avg. Length of Estrus

Avg. Length of Gestation

Cattle 6-8 months 21 days 16-18 hours 283 days

Swine 4-7 months 21 days 3 days 114 days

Sheep 4-8 months 22 days 30 hours 148 days

Goat 1st Autumn 22 days 2.5 days 151 days

Female Reproductive Tract

• Ovaries– Description: oval shaped organs located near the

end of the reproductive tract– Function: produce eggs

Female Reproductive Tract

• Oviducts– Description: small tubes near ovaries and have a

funnel-shaped end near the ovary– Function: carries eggs from ovaries to uterus. Also

called fallopian tubes

Female Reproductive Tract

• Infundibulum– Description: Funnel-shaped end of each oviduct– Function: picks up eggs at ovulation and directs

eggs into the oviduct

Female Reproductive Tract

• Uterus– Description: organ with two horn-shaped

attachments called uterine horns– Function: where growth and development of fetus

takes place

Female Reproductive Tract

• Cervix– Description: thick wall structure made up of folds

and rings of muscular tissue. Located at the neck of uterus. Separates the uterus from the vagina

– Function: passageway for sperm from the vagina to the uterus. Also seals the uterus during pregnancy to prevent pathogens from affecting the fetus

Female Reproductive Tract

• Vagina– Description: connect the vulva to the cervix– Function: serves as a passageway for baby to pass

through at birth

Female Reproductive Tract

• Vulva– Description: external opening made up of folds of

skin– Function: External opening to female reproductive

and urinary systems

Male Reproductive Tract

• Scrotum– Description: saclike part outside livestock that

holds the testicles– Function: holds and protects the testicles

Male Reproductive Tract

• Testes or Testicles– Description: two oval structures inside the

scrotum– Function: produce sperm and male sex hormones

Male Reproductive Tract

• Epididymis– Description: Long coiled tube connected to each

testicle– Function: Stores sperm until maturity

Male Reproductive Tract

• Vas Deferens– Description: Tube that connects epididymis to

urethra– Function: passageway for sperm from epididymis

to urethra

Male Reproductive Tract

• Seminal Vesicles– Description: Gland that opens into urethra– Function: Produce a fluid that protects sperm

Male Reproductive Tract

• Prostate Gland– Description: Gland near urethra and bladder– Function: Produces a fluid mixed with seminal

fluid

Male Reproductive Tract

• Cowper’s Gland– Description: Gland near urethra– Function: Produces a fluid that cleans the urethra

to protect the sperm

Male Reproductive Tract

• Penis– Description: rod like tissue covered by the sheath– Function: deposits semen into female

Male Reproductive Tract

• Sheath– Description: Skin that covers the penis– Function: Protects the penis from injury

Poultry Reproductive System

• The major difference between mammals and poultry is that embryos develop inside of mammals and outside of poultry in an egg

• Only the left ovary functions in chickens• Chickens lay eggs every 24-28 hours• Eggs that are consumers are not fertilized• Chicken eggs incubate for 21 days• Turkey eggs incubate for 28 days

Poultry Reproductive Tract

• Ovary– Description: cluster of yellow, round eggs yolks– Function: Produces ova and hormones

Poultry Reproductive Tract

• Infundibulum– Description: Funnel shaped structure below ovary– Function: Where fertilization takes place

Poultry Reproductive Tract

• Oviduct - a tube structure that consists of five parts:– Magnum: secrets egg white– Isthmus: adds the two shell membranes– Uterus: secretes the shell and shell pigment– Vagina: holds the egg until its laid

Poultry Reproductive Tract

• Cloaca– Description: Located between vent and base of

oviduct– Function: where the male bird deposits semen

Poultry Reproductive Tract

• Vent– Description: Outside opening to the poultry

reproductive tract– Function: Expels eggs and waste

Animal Parturition

• Normal birthing position– Front feet first– Nose tucked between front legs– Shoulders– Body– Hips– Back legs

• Anything other than that way is a PROBLEM

Correct Position

Incorrect Birthing Positions

Parturition Process

• Increased estrogen causes the uterus muscles to contract

• Water bag breaks • Second water bag (fetus) breaks and

presentation of baby appears• Several hours later the placenta and afterbirth

are expelled. If not, the animal will get sick