anatomy & physiology introduction. anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism and the...

Anatomy & PhysiologyIntroduction

Anatomy:The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship to its parts

Anatomy is derived from the Greek word meaning “cutting up” which is still how we learn today through dissections.

Physiology:The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Structural Levels

of Organization

1. Atoms/Molecules

2. Cells

3. Tissues

4. Organs

5. Systems

6. Body

Differing levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism).

Organization is one of the most important characteristics of body structure.

Cell are considered to be the smallest “living” units of structure and function.

COMPLEXITY

Say what?? En route to the ER, Scott

provides them with the following information: “She has an abrasion on the ventral surface of her right hand, and a 4 cm laceration just distal to her right elbow. The right patella is deformed medially, and there is some tenderness just proximal to the knee.

The doctor responds, “Thanks. We’ll be ready for her when you get here.”

EMTs Scott and Stacy were dispatched to a scene in which a young girl had fallen off her bike. Dispatch reported that her arm was bleeding and her mother thought her leg might be broken.

Anatomical Position The body is in a erect or

standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward.

The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.

“NOT”Anatomical Position

SUPINE

Laying face upward

PRONE

Laying face downward

http://www.yogastudy.org/images/Supine-yoga-Postures.gif

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS

Anatomical DirectionsSuperior

“toward the head”

Upper or above

Inferior

“toward the feet”

Lower or below

Anatomical DirectionsAnterior

“front” or “in front of”

Ventral (toward the belly) can also be used instead of anterior

Posterior

“back” or “in back of”

Dorsal (toward the back) can also be used instead of poster

Anatomical DirectionsMedial

towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Toward the side of the body or away from midline

Anatomical DirectionsProximal

Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of it’s parts

Distal

Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Anatomical DirectionsSuperficial

Nearer the surface

Deep

Farther away from the body surface

Planes or Body

Sections1. Sagittal

• Length-wise plane running from front to back.

• Divides into left and right halves

2. Frontal (Coronal)• Length-wise plane running from

side to side

• Divides into anterior and posterior

3. Transverse • Horizontal or crosswise plane

• Divides into upper and lower portions

Body Cavities

Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity

Organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity Includes the cranial and

spinal cavities

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity

Everything above the diaphragm

Mediastinum – Trachea, heart,

blood vessels Pleural cavities –

Lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Everything below the diaphragm

Abdominal cavity - Liver, gallbladder,

stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine

Pelvic cavity – Lower sigmoid colon,

rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

Ventral Body Cavity

Ventral Body

Cavity

RH- right hypochondriac region

RL- right lumbar region

RI- right iliac (inguinal) region

ER- epigastric region

UR- umbilical region

HR- hypogastric region

LH- left hypochondriac region

LL- left lumbar region

LI- left iliac (inguinal) region

The Abdomen can be divided into 9 for abdominal regions.

This makes it easier to locate organs.

Ventral Body

CavityAn easier way to divide of the abdomen is to use the division of the abdomen into 4 quadrants.

Dorsal Body

CavityCranial cavity – Brain

Spinal cavity - Spinal cord

http://www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/Science/Biology/AnatomyPhysiol/Human01_LessonMain.asp?iNum=0106

Lab Time Poster Project

Lab book P9

Make sure to trace the outline of a person

Body RegionsSubdivisions

Body Regions Axial

Head Neck Torso or trunk

Appendicular – Upper and lower

extremities

Lab Time Poster project continued

“Mini-Me”

Look up medical terms and complete the medical root sheet.

Complete your poster by placing the words correctly on the outlined body.

Use of all 78 items= 40 pts

The Balance of Body Functions

Homeostasis

Balance of Body Functions

Homeostasis – The body maintaining relatively constant

conditions within the body or a relative constancy of the internal environment.

The body must constantly work to maintain or restore homeostasis.

Balance of Body Functions

Negative Feedback Loop – Oppose or negate a change in a controlled

condition. They change back toward a normal value – stabilize conditions.

Ex: Breathing heavier when exercising or producing more urine when there is more fluid in the body than usual.

Balance of Body Functions

Positive Feedback Loop – Instead of opposing a

change in the internal environment and causing a return to normal, these PFL’s temporarily amplify the change that is occurring.

Ex: Rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby or rapid sticking together of platelets to form a blood clot.

Maintaining Homeostatis

Our physiological feedback systems have three key features: 1. A receptor that can evaluate the stimulus

(change in environment) and sends a message to…

2. An integrating center (Brain) that processes the information and sends a message to…

3. An effector that acts on the stimulus and causes a response (reaction) in the organism.

Lab Time Your group will be assigned a mechanisms for maintaining

stability/homeostasis

1. Read the example of the homeostatic mechanism.

2. Identify the following in the example you are given and list the structures they are associated with. Stimulus Receptor Integrating center Effector Response

3. Identify whether mechanism is positive or negative.

4. Create a flow chart similar using the structures that you have identified in your given mechanism.